- •О.И. Килюшева, и.T. Канева, е.Н. Свирелкина
- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Setting Off Independent Clauses
- •Use a comma before and, but, or, so, nor, yet, for when those words are used to connect two independent clauses.
- •Always use a comma to introduce contrasting information.
- •Setting Off Items in a Series
- •Use commas to separate parts in a series of three or more items.
- •Coordinate attributive adjectives in a series are set off by commas.
- •Insert commas as necessary to separate items in series in the following sentences.
- •Insert commas as necessary to separate items in series in the following sentences.
- •Insert commas in the following sentences:
- •Setting Off Introductory Elements
- •Introductory Adverb Clauses
- •2. Introductory Phrases
- •3. Introductory Transitional Words and Phrases
- •Setting Off Non-Essential Material
- •1. Nonrestrictive modifiers
- •Identify the errors in these sentences. Any sentence that is incorrect contains only one error.
- •Using Comma in Other Conventional Contexts
- •Using Commas Around Direct Quotations
- •Using Commas between Names and Titles or Degrees
- •Using Commas in Dates and Addresses
- •Using Commas with Greetings, Closings, and Large Numbers
- •Insert commas in the following sentences to prevent misreading.
- •1. With Asyndetic Independent Clauses
- •In which of the examples might a semicolon be preferred to the full stop?
- •2. Semicolon with Transitional Phrases
- •3. A Semicolon and a Comma
- •Insert semicolon as needed in each of the following sentences.
- •The colon
- •1. A List of Items
- •2. Introducing Quotes
- •3. Connecting Ideas
- •4. Introducing an Appositive
- •5. Other Uses of Colon
- •2C Write your own proverbs, for example:
- •Use commas and colons where they are appropriate.
- •Add commas and colons where appropriate to these sentences:
- •Insert a colon as needed in each of the following sentences:
- •1. Abrupt Break in Thought.
- •2. Setting Off Parenthetical Material
- •3. Setting Off Explanation
- •1. Quoting Words, Phrases, and Short Passages from Prose
- •2. Using Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation Marks
- •Test Yourself
- •Bibliography
Introductory Adverb Clauses
Introductory adverb clauses, including elliptical clauses, and generally set off from the rest of the sentence by commas.
Note: An adverb clause at the end of the sentence is not set off by a comma.
I drink plenty of water when I exercise.
8Com
Punctuate the sentences with commas where they are needed.
1. Because of the warm weather the snow was not very good.
2. We saved a lot of money by not buying a new car.
3. Without skiing regularly no one can learn to do it well.
4. At the taxi company drivers are working overtime.
5. Except for Kay everyone wants to go skiing again next weekend.
6. Kay wants to go bowling instead of skiing.
7. In spite of my low salary I was able to send my son.
8. Last year there was a transportation strike here too.
9. At the top of the page one of the bus drivers is interviewed.
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Use commas where necessary in the following sentences.
1. I can’t watch the World Cup on TV because I have a test tomorrow.
2. If you leave now you’ll be on time.
3. Don’t get upset if your team loses the game.
4. Get something for Ken at the souvenir shop if you have time.
5. As soon as you get to the airport give me a call.
6. We’re planning to have dinner together after we watch the game.
7. Even if you don’t have time you’d better get something for Ken.
8. I can’t take you to the airport but I can pick you up.
9. Although I can’t take you to the airport I can pick you up when you come back.
2. Introductory Phrases
An introductory phrase is usually set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
Thinking that this might be his last chance, Scott struggled towards the Pope.
During the worst days of Depression, movie attendance rose dramatically.
To succeed in a male-dominated field, women engineers must work extremely hard.
Note: Gerund phrases and infinitive phrases that serve as subjects are not set off by commas.
Laughing out loud can release tension.
To know him is to love him.
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Use commas as necessary after the introductory elements in each of the following sentences.
Having listened to his story the judge nodded and then dismissed the case.
When my breast began to swell with horrifying rapidity I searched the sewing machine drawers for clothes and ribbons to tie around them, to stop them. (Kate Simon)
With so many trees in the city you could see spring coming each day until a night of warm wind would bring it suddenly in one morning. (Ernest Hemingway)
In my senior year in theological seminary I engaged in the exciting reading of various theological theories. (Martin Luther King, Jr.)
Like so much of this country Banyan suggests something curious and unnatural. (Joan Didion)
3. Introductory Transitional Words and Phrases
When a transitional word or phrase begins a sentence, it is usually set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma. Among those are transitional expressions of chronology, such as FINALLY, FIRST, FIRST OF ALL, LAST OF ALL, NEXT, SECOND, etc.; modal transitional phrases such as CERTAINLY, IN OTHER WORDS, THEREFORE, etc.
Then I listen to the morning news or read the newspaper. Finally, I leave for school.
Certainly, any plan that is enacted must be fair.
In other words, we cannot act hastily.