- •О.И. Килюшева, и.T. Канева, е.Н. Свирелкина
- •Contents
- •Preface
- •Setting Off Independent Clauses
- •Use a comma before and, but, or, so, nor, yet, for when those words are used to connect two independent clauses.
- •Always use a comma to introduce contrasting information.
- •Setting Off Items in a Series
- •Use commas to separate parts in a series of three or more items.
- •Coordinate attributive adjectives in a series are set off by commas.
- •Insert commas as necessary to separate items in series in the following sentences.
- •Insert commas as necessary to separate items in series in the following sentences.
- •Insert commas in the following sentences:
- •Setting Off Introductory Elements
- •Introductory Adverb Clauses
- •2. Introductory Phrases
- •3. Introductory Transitional Words and Phrases
- •Setting Off Non-Essential Material
- •1. Nonrestrictive modifiers
- •Identify the errors in these sentences. Any sentence that is incorrect contains only one error.
- •Using Comma in Other Conventional Contexts
- •Using Commas Around Direct Quotations
- •Using Commas between Names and Titles or Degrees
- •Using Commas in Dates and Addresses
- •Using Commas with Greetings, Closings, and Large Numbers
- •Insert commas in the following sentences to prevent misreading.
- •1. With Asyndetic Independent Clauses
- •In which of the examples might a semicolon be preferred to the full stop?
- •2. Semicolon with Transitional Phrases
- •3. A Semicolon and a Comma
- •Insert semicolon as needed in each of the following sentences.
- •The colon
- •1. A List of Items
- •2. Introducing Quotes
- •3. Connecting Ideas
- •4. Introducing an Appositive
- •5. Other Uses of Colon
- •2C Write your own proverbs, for example:
- •Use commas and colons where they are appropriate.
- •Add commas and colons where appropriate to these sentences:
- •Insert a colon as needed in each of the following sentences:
- •1. Abrupt Break in Thought.
- •2. Setting Off Parenthetical Material
- •3. Setting Off Explanation
- •1. Quoting Words, Phrases, and Short Passages from Prose
- •2. Using Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation Marks
- •Test Yourself
- •Bibliography
2. Setting Off Parenthetical Material
Use a dash to set off parenthetical material.
According to the Constitution only one man – and he is the President – can appoint justices to the Supreme Court.
3. Setting Off Explanation
Use a dash to mean NAMELY, IN OTHER WORDS, THAT IS, and similar expressions that precede explanations.
My decision not to resign was based on one thought – I enjoy teaching science to teenagers.
Dashes can be used to set off a series of specific items:
The wings of the natural extant flying vertebrates - the birds and the bats - are direct modifications of the preexisting front limbs. (Michael I Katz)
Note: Avoid the overuse of dashes. A dash introduces a pause, so too many dashes in writing can reduce readability.
1D
Punctuate the following sentences:
1. My favorite actress Anna-Marie Harper has a degree from the University of Paris.
2. She was recently in a remake of an old film Gone With the Wind.
3. There is only one actor whom I really like Martin Tai.
4. The Third Man which is my favorite movie is showing at the Grand next week.
5. Ken enjoyed the movie for only one reason the scenes of Vienna.
6. I highly recommend the Grand Theater it’s air-conditioned.
7. He used to be very good at tennis and golf too of course.
8. When I’m ready my driver usually a member of the band picks me up.
2D
Punctuate the following sentences, using dashes wherever appropriate and any other punctuation mark necessary.
1. Now at last in my hands was a book whose entire subject was railway trains in India in the 1940s.
2. The people here are always happy and smiling which is more than can be said for Edward.
3. Binoculars must be held steadily which means resting them or your elbows on a solid support.
4. The writer of this novel is trying to tell us how important aggression at least I think that’s what she’s trying to say.
5. On the brink of a total breakdown he met Laurie his fourth and greatest love who was to inspire some of his moving compositions.
3D
Insert dashes in the appropriate places in the following sentences:
1. All pupils brought their dinners in baskets corn dodger, buttermilk and other good things and sat in the shade of the trees at noon and ate them. (Mark Twain)
2. The entrepreneur individualistic, restless, with vision, guile and courage has been the economists' only hero. (John Kenneth Galbraith)
3. I would have evaded and for how long could I have afforded to delay? learning the great lesson of school, that I had a public identity. (Richard Rodriguez)
4. Polar explorers one gathers from their accounts sought at the Poles something of the sublime. (Annie Dillard)
5. The fighters in the ring are time-bound is anything so excruciatingly long as a fiercely contested three-minute round? but the fight itself is timeless. (Joyce Carol Oates)
QUOTATIONS AND QUOTING
Quotation marks - either double (“ “) or single (‘ ‘) - mainly enclose direct quotations from speech and from writing.