Ex.2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст: Pricing

All products and services have prices. The price depends on different things such as credit terms, delivery, Trade-in allowance, guarantees, quality and other forms of service, which price can produce the biggest profit during a long period of time. It’s hardly possible to determine such a price. The price may be too high to produce a large volume or too low to cover costs. No other area of marketing operations has been a subject to bad practice. Many businesses pursue unsound price policies for long periods of time and are not aware about it. Prices can be determined in different ways. For example, the prices on meat, cotton and other agricultural products can be decided in a large central market where forces of supply and demand exist. This is pure price competition. The prices of industrial products (iron, steel, etc.) are usually decided by large companies. Prices can be also be set by the government, usually for different public services – railroads, electricity, gas, bus services and others.

If demand increases, prices rise, profits expand and new investment is attracted.

Ex.3. Дайте відповіді на питання:

1. Why is it difficult to determine the right price?

2. In what way are agricultural prices decided?

3. How industrial products are usually priced?

4. What do you think about prices in the supermarkets and in the markets?

Ex.4. Перекладіть наступні речення англійською мовою:

1. Цей магазин надає покупцю вигідні кредитні умови.

2. Товар має дуже низьку ціну.

3. Перед тим, як випускати товар, треба вивчити пропозицію та попит.

4. Держава встановлює ціни на ряд продуктів.

5. Магазин має чудове місце розташування.

6. Супермаркет надає покупцю багато додаткових послуг.

7. Ця фірма веде нерозумну цінову політику.

8. Починайте з низької ціни.

9. Я впевнений, що наша нова марка буде приваблювати споживачів.

10. Я вирішив купити нову машину в цій компанії, тому що вона пропонує найкращу ціну на цю модель.

11. Ми встановили ділові відносини з англійською фірмою.

12. Конкуренти пропонують ціни, які на 30 % нижчі за наші.

Домашнє завдання:

Ex. 1. Вивчіть новий лексичний матеріал

Ex.5. Складіть діалог, використовуючи інформацію з тексту та діалогу, за ситуацією: You are a journalist and you are to interview the minister of finance about the pricing policy in our country.

Питання для самоконтролю:

1. What is Pricing?

2. What the price depends on?

Unit 10 Первинний та вторинний ринки Primary and secondary markets

Ex.1. Прочитайте та запам’ятайте новий лексичний матеріал:

stock-in-trade –торговельний інвентар

the Stock Exchange – Фондова біржа

to be reluctant to do smth – небажання робити щось

A primary market - Первинний ринок

Ex.2. Прочитайте, перекладіть та перекажіть текст:

Fixed-interest securities and ordinary shares are the main stock-in-trade of the securities markets and the Stock Exchange is the main securities market in the UK (and the New York Stock Exchange is the largest in the USA). By buying one or the other, investors are helping –directly or indirectly – to provide the finance that government or industry needs. Why "directly or indirectly"? Because the stock market is two markets in one: a primary market and a secondary market.

A primary market is one in which the government, companies or other bodies can sell new securities to investors to raise cash.

A secondary market is a market in which the investors can buy and sell these securities among each other. The buying and the selling in the secondary market does not directly affect the finances of government and companies. But if investors did not know they could buy and sell securities in the secondary market they might well be reluctant to put up cash for the government or companies by buying securities in the primary market when they were first issued. And the prices established by the buying and selling by investors in the secondary market help to determine the price that government and companies will have to pay next time they need to issue further securities for cash in the primary market. A reasonably liquid secondary market is normally considered vital for a healthy primary market.

Ex.3. Перекладіть слова та вирази українською мовою:

sell securities to raise cash; might be reluctant to put up cash for the government;to issue further securities for cash

Ex. 4. Поставте п’ять запитань до тексту.

Ex.5. Заповніть пропуски:

1. Fixed-interest securities and …..shares are the main stock-in-trade of the securities markets and the Stock Exchange is the …..securities market in the UK.

2. A primary market is one in which the government, …..or other bodies can sell new securities to …..to raise cash.

3. The buying and the selling in the secondary ….. does not directly affect the finances of ….. and companies.

Ex.6. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст: