16. The paradigmatic structure of the sentence.

Traditional grammar studies the sentence from the point of view of its syntagmatic structure: the sentence was approached to as a string of certain parts fulfilling the corresponding syntactic functions and was traditionally taken as a ready unit of speech.

In contemporary modern linguistics paradigmatic structuring of connections and dependancies marked a new stage in the development of the science of language.

Paradigmatic approach has provided a theoretical ground for treating the sentence not only as a ready unit of speech, but also as meaningful lingual unit, existing in a pattern form.

Paradigmatics find its expression in a system of oppositions, which make the corresponding meaningful categories.

Syntactic opposition are realized by correlated sentence pattern of which one pattern is approached to as base and the other as its transforms.

These transitional relations are implicity inherent in the syntagmatic classificational study of sent., but modern theory has made a cardinal step to interpriate them as regular derivation stages comparable to categorical word-making processes in morphology and word-building.

Some of the patterns are to be approved.

For instance A question can be described as a transform as a statement.

e.g. You are fond of the Kind.

Anegation can be presented as a transformation.

Similarly a composite sentence is to be presented as divided of two or more simple sentences.

e.g. She sold the house.

She cant help regretting it.

She sold the house but yet she cant help regretting it. Baby sit - Babysitter

Structurally the curnal basic sentence coincides with the elementary sentence. The difference is that the pattern of the curnal sentence is interpreted as forming the base of a paradigmatic derivation in the corresponding sentence pattern series. Thus syntactic derivation should not be understood as an immediate change of one sentence into another. It is paradigmatic production of a more complex pattern. Derivation process made up 6 classes:

1. Steps of morphological arrangement of the sentence (i.e. morphological changes), expressing syntactic relevant categories above all the predicative categories of a finite verb (tense, aspect, voice, mood).

e.g. John + start = John starts, John will be starting.

2) Includes various uses of functional words.

e.g. He understood my request à He set understand

3) Process of substitution using personal pronouns, indefinite substitute pronouns.

e.g. This is my raincoat. à It is my raincoat.

4) Formed by process of deletion. i.e. elimination of some elements of the sentence.

e.g. Would you like a cup of tea? à A cup of tea?

5) The process of positional arrangement (изменение порядка слов)

e.g. The man is here. à Is the man here?

6) International arrangement

We must go. à We must go?

Transformation may be:

1. Obligatory – are transformations of the morphological level, which are indispensable for building other sentences. They innovate the following changes in the finite verb. 1) the choice of the tense (John laugh\ is laughing) 2) the choice of modality (John should) 3) of aspect and order

2. Optional – are chosen by the speaker, they may be depending on the purposes of communication. The cernal sentences may be interrogative, general, exclamatory, negative.

E.g. Someone found this wallet in the street. This wallet was found in the street.

Transformations with the verb to be.

e.g. Mr. West is an artist, he is the artist.

Transformation with the verb to have.

e.g. The stepson of the man. The man have a stepson.