The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)

House of Lancaster: red rose

Henry 4 (son of the Duke of Lancaster), 1392-1413.

Henry 5 (son of Henry 5, deposed), 1422-1471.

House of York: white rose

Edward 4 (son of Duke of York), 1461-1483.

Edward 5 (son of Edward 4), 1483.

Richard 3 (brother of Edward 4), 1483-1485.

The Hundred Year’s War (1337-1453)

Rivals:

The House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, also knows as the House of Anjou.

Between England and France.

Tudors

Henry 3 - King of England from 1500.

He became King after defeating Richard 3 at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485. This battle saw the end of the Wars of the Roses.

Fought against barons:

• banned all private armies

• heavily taxed the barons to reduce their wealth

used the Court of Star Chamber that was loyal to him and could severely punish any baron who angered the king.

Henry was King of England from 1509 to 1547.

Henry had six wives (Cathrina of Aragon (divorced); Anne Boleyn (executed); Jane Semoyr (died); Anna of Cleves (divorced); Catherina Howard (executed); Catherina Part (outlived Henry).

The English Reformation: England breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church based in Rome.

Before:

Head of the Church: the Pope based in Rome.

Church service: all were held in Latin

Prayers: all said in Latin

Bible: written in Latin

Priests: not allowed to marry.

After:

Head of the Church: the King

Church services: held in Latin

Prayers: most said in Latin but the “Lord’s Prayer” was said in England.

Bible: written in England.

Priests: not allowed to marry.

He was is year sold when he became King of England.

13.03.12

Edward 6

Two advisors:

The Duke of Somerset, who became Lord Protector.

The Duke of Northumberland.

Lady Jane Grey

Was chosen to be Queen by the Duke of Northumberland in an attempt to keep England a Protestant country.

Reigned for 9 days.

Mary 1 (“Bloody Mary”)

Was Queen from 1553 to 1558.

She restore Catholicism!

Nearly 300 people were burned for heresy.

Elizabeth 1

Was Queen from 1558 to 1603.

Two of the most important events of her reign were:

1. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1587.

2. The Spanish Armada of 1588 (defeated by Sir Francis Darke)

James 6 of Scotland and James 1 of England (1566-1625).

England Scotland and I relend were united under a sign rules.

Dragged the country into the continental Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648).

Charles 1

Withdrew the country from the European conflict in 1630.

Struggled for power with the parliament.

Brought the Church of England too close to Roman Catholicism.

The English Civil War broke out in 1642: he was faced by his attempts to gain a astute power and by it.

Charles 2

Invaded England with a Scottish army, but was defeated by Cromwell.

In 1653, Cromwell became “lord protector” of the new Common wealth of English, Scotland and Ireland.

Cromwell died in 1658.

In 1660, Charles 2 entered London in triumph. He restore the monarchy.

Charles 2 died in 1685.

James 2

He became King of Scots King of England, and King of Ireland on 6^th February 1685, and Duke of Normandy on 31 December 1660.

The Glorious Revolution (1688)

James 2’s daughter and son-in-low, Mary 2 and William 3 became rules in 1689.

This period is name Jacobinism.

James was defeated at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690 and returned to France.

Mary died in 1694.

William died in 1702.

Queen Ann (1702-1714)

George 1

The Hanoverian era continued through four successive Georges and ended with the last representative of the line, William 4, who did in 1837.

Two main Jacobite rebellions occurred, the first in 1715, the second in 1745.

During the Hanoverian era, Britain experienced considerable demographic growth, the birth of an industrial economy, and extensive social change.

Britain possessed numerous colonies.

During the Hanoverian period Britain was involved in:

• the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

• the Seven Years’ War (1756- 1763)

• the American War of Independent (1776-1783)

• the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars (1793-1801 and 1802 – 1815).