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Iron Age

The introduction of iron working technology. Technological innovation (the potter’s wheel, the lathe токарный станок) and the quern (ручная мельница).

The population of Britain grew and exceeded 1 million.

The most visible remains of the Iron Age are hill forts.

Roman influence extended into the western Mediterranean and southern France: growing contact between Britain and the Roman world across the English Channel (trading of Roman luxury goods such as wine, diplomatic relations with a member of tribes).

New types of large settlements appeared in southern Britain (political, economic, religious renters)

28.02.12

Roman Britain

A Roman army landed on the southeast coast. The army defeated the local tribes and advanced north wards and westwards.

Britons now became inhabitants of the province of Britannia, and part of the vast Roman Empire.

Settlements grew into flourishing towns, but the Romans also founded new towns such as Colchester, Exeter, Lincoln, York.

Vikings and Anglo-Saxons

Official Roman rule came to an end in AD 410 and, left without an army, the British employed Germanic Soldiers to defend them in return for land.

Germanic settlers entered and spread throughout England. Gradually tribes turned into kingdoms. Each was rude by a warrior – king led his followers in the struggle for power and wealth.

The Anglo-Saxons were pagan until the arrival of a Christian mission from Rome in 597.

By the end of 8th century three kingdoms dominated England: Mercia, North Umbria, Wessex.

From about 780, Vikings made attempts to invade England.

The Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wesex survived the Vikings invasions and in the 10th century was the base from with a single unified state of England was created.

England remained vulnerable to continued Viking attacks.

In the early 11th century it cancel under the control of Danish kings…

6.03.12

Norman Britain

Edward the Confessor died in 1066.

Harold Godwinson was crowned. He faced 2 invasions: from the King of Norway (whom he defeated) and from William, the Duke of Normandy. The Battle of Hastings (October, 14, 1066).

William the Conqueor’s great surely of England the Doomsday Book (recorded every piece of properly).

William died in 1087.

His eldest son Robert took control of Normandy and his 2-d son William Rufus became King of England. Rufus died in 1100 and his younger brother Henry 1 was crowned.

When Henry 1 died in 1135 his nephew Stephen became King (the last Norman King). His reign was marked by rivalry with his cousin Matilda and the resulting civil war and general chaos (the Anarchy).

He was succeed by Matilda’s son, Henry 2. The name of Matilda’s husband – Geoffrey Anjou – gave the name to the next royal dynasty – the “Angevins” (or the Plantagenets).

Middle age

The Magna C(h)arta (1205)

The summary of the Magna Chartas.

  1. The Church – The Church was to be free from royal interference, especially in the election of bishops.

  2. Taxes – No taxes except the regular fundal dues were to levied, expect by the consent of the Great Council, or Parliament.

  3. The right to due process, which led to Trian by Jury.

  4. Weights and Measures - all weights and measures to be kept uniform throughout the realm.

The Black Death (1328-1350)

Epidemic of plague killed about 30-50% of the population.

According to the statistic 2000 people died only in London.