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ОТВЕТЫ США.docx
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  1. What are three main documents of American democracy?

1) The United States Declaration of Independence (Декларация независимости США). The Declaration of Independence was a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.

2) The United States Constitution (Конституция США). The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and ratified by conventions in eleven states. The first ten amendments are known as the Bill of Rights. The Constitution has been amended seventeen times (for a total of 27 amendments) and its principles are applied in courts of law by judicial review.

3) The Gettysburg Address (Геттигбергское обращение). The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and is one of the most well-known speeches in United States history. It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg.

  1. In what epoch of American political life did the “system of spoils” flourish?

In the epoch of the Jacksonian Democracy (Jacksonian Era). In the politics of the United States, a spoil system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity. The term was derived from the phrase "to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy" by New York Senator William L. Marcy, referring to the victory of the Jackson Democrats in the election of 1828. (Spoils system, т. е. система, когда государственные должности раздавались сторонникам победившей партии. Получила развитие, когда у власти был президент Э. Джексон (1829-1837, так называемая «Эра Джексоновской Демократии»). Система существовала до 1883 года, когда Конгресс принял Закон о гражданской службе, известный как закон Пэндлтона, который фактически «отменил» систему добычи и сделал систему заслуг обычной практикой).

  1. What are the three branches of power in the usa?

The federal government of the United States is the federal government of the constitutional republic of fifty states and one district that is the United States of America. The federal government comprises three distinct branches of government:

1) Legislative Power (Законодательная власть). Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Both Representatives and Senators are chosen through direct election. There are 535 voting Members of Congress, of which, the House of Representatives has a membership of 435 and the Senate has a membership 100.

2) Executive Power (Исполнительная власть). Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office -- "...with the Advice and Consent of the Senate"-- receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "...take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. The president's responsibility is to execute whatever instructions he is given by the Congress.

3) Judicial Power (Судебная власть). Judicial power - the power to decide cases and controversies - is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts.