II. Read the text: penal reformers

There are a lot of famous penologists in different countries. They made a great contribution to reforming prison system in their countries. We know such names as John Howard, Benjamin Rush, John Augustus, Alexander Maconochie, Zebulon Brockway.

John Howard is the most famous among penal reformers. He devoted all his life to the problems of improving bad conditions in prisons. He wrote the book «The State of Prisons». It influenced the penal reform in Europe and America. In 1779 he drafted the Penitentiary Act. After that penitentiary houses appeared first in the USA and then in England.

Benjamin Rush and Alexander Maconochie paid much attention to the punishment of criminals.

Thanks to John Augustus a concept of probation was born.

Zebulon Brockway introduced the idea of education and training for trades in correctional institutions.

III. Do the following exercises:

Exercise 1. Read the names.

John Howard Benjamin Rush Alexander Maconochie

Zebulon Brockway John Augustus

Exercise 2. Read and translate the chains of words into Russian:

penal – to penalize – penologist – penalty; crime – criminal; to contribute – contribution; to reform – reformer – reformation – reformatory; prison – to imprison – imprisonment; to punish – punishment.

Exercise 3. Match the Russian and English equivalents:

to make a contribution (to) to devote one’s life (to) to draft the Penitentiary Act to pay much attention (to) to introduce an idea

предложить идею сделать вклад (в) уделять много внимания (чему-либо) посвятить свою жизнь чему-либо издать Закон о тюрьмах

Exercise 4. Make up word combinations. Translate them into Russian:

reform conditions punishment idea concept problems

of prison system of criminals of imprisonment of probation of education and training for trades

Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps if it is necessary. Translate the sentences.

1. John Howard is the most famous … penal reformers.

2. He devoted his life … the problems … improving bad conditions … prisons.

3. The book «The State of Prisons» influenced … the penal reform of … Europe.

4. Benjamin Rush paid much attention … the punishment … criminals.

5. John Howard made a great contribution … the penal reform … Europe.

6. Thanks ... John Augustus the concept ... probation was born.

Exercise 6. Open the brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. John Howard (to devote) his life to the problems of imprisonment.

2. Famous penologists (to make) a great contribution to reforming prison system.

3. Zebulon Brockway (to introduce) the idea of education and training for trades.

4. Howard’s book (to influence) the penal reform in Europe and the USA.

5. In 1790 the first penitentiary (to appear) in the USA.

6. Benjamin Rush (to pay) much attention to the punishment of criminals.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions.

1. What famous penologists do you know?

2. Did they make great contribution to reforming prison system?

3. Who is the most famous among penal reformers?

4. What did John Howard devote his life to?

5. What book did John Howard write?

6. What did it influence?

7. Who drafted the Penitentiary Act in Great Britain in 1779?

8. What was the result of this Act?

9. Did Benjamin Rush and Alexander Maconochie pay attention to the reformation or punishment of the criminals?

10. Who was the father of the concept of probation?

11. Who introduced the idea of education and training for trades in prisons?