II .Occurrence of social work as trades

2.1. Occurrence and development of schools of preparation of social workers.

The exchange of experience of "friendly visitors», working in various agencies, gradually took the form of training courses. In 1898 at the initiative of M.Richmond there has begun the activity the first national school of applied philanthropy (nowadays faculty of social work at the Colombian university).

Social work quickly developed and in Europe. The society of the organised charity in London opens in 1903 the first special educational institution for preparation social workers which receives the name «sociology School». In 1912 this school will be transformed to faculty of social work of the London school of economy.

In 1908 under the direction of the foundress of a women's movement in Europe Alisy Solomon opens female school for social workers in Germany. By 1910 in the developed European countries and the USA 14 schools of social work were already. The first schools of social workers gave, as a rule, one-year preparation.

However honour of opening of the first present educational institution for social workers authors take away Holland. In 1899 in Amsterdam the institute on preparation of social workers has been opened. Training in it has been calculated for 2 years, the mode of study was internal.Could be trained both women, and men, and they received theoretical and practical preparation.

In 1920th years the first schools of social work in Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Italy open. The school on training of social workers opens even in Chile, the founder

Which became the known public figure Ren Sandra.

In 30th years of the last century the number of the countries which have started preparation of social workers, continues to increase: Spain, Israel, Ireland, Luxembourg, Greece, Portugal, Denmark, India, Egypt.

As we see, social work as a trade becomes known already in Third World countries.

Preparation of social workers included not only organizational, but also methodical aspect. The educational institutions which have started to work, had still no qualified teachers. Manuals practically was not. In the USA Amos Uornera's books «American charity» and Mary Richmond «Goodwill visit to poor men were the first textbooks: practical guidance for working in the charitable organisations». A Professional training for social work in America was in very big dependence on efforts of the charitable organisations. Members of a society of charity with a wide experience of work, but without a pedagogical education were the first teachers. Students were engaged on-the-job, and the curriculum included special themes for practical social work in various areas. Areas (directions) of practical social work of that time were:

a. Studying of living conditions of unsuccessful families;

b. Social work in medicine;

c. Social work at school;

d. Social psychiatry.

In what specificity of social work? Than it differs from work of staff nurses, doctors, teachers? This question excited both beginning experts, and teachers schools. At schools reflected on base formation and its communication with practice, about necessary level of vocational training, about the general preparation and specialisation of the raised complexity much. Some opposed experts of practice of a university education for social workers. In particular, M.Richmond, considered that the university preparation connected with necessity of studying of a considerable quantity of scientific disciplines and schools of thought, can undermine a valuable basis inherent in social work in charity, undermine belief of students in unselfishness. It supported creation independent of system of higher education of school of social work.

The association of schools of social work in America, created in 1919 mainly for maintenance of communications between schools, has turned to a forum for development of specifications of the educational works. In 1924 the Association has developed specifications for regular curriculums, for courses of preparation of ranking officers in the field of social work and for the courses created at universities. The program calculated on year, provided a set of the training courses conducting both in a class, and in practice (in the field). These training courses were recognised as standard courses for training to social work. Inclusion of programs of social work in university education system has occurred in the late thirties years when in Association the schools operating within the limits of higher educational institutions began to be accepted only. In these

schools training was carried out under the program calculated for two years and granting the right of reception of degree of the master.

2.2. The first schools in social work of the USA

The first practical steps in the field of theoretical judgement of social work have been undertaken by feminists in many countries of the Western world – Alisoj Solomon in Germany, Maria Gaheri in France, Elizabeth Fr in England, Jane Adams in the USA.But in the field of theoretical researches M.Richmond achieves the greatest successes. She has developed a method of individual work with requiring people.

Adapting for practice of individual work medical approaches of the diagnosis and treatment, M.Richmond develops a method, allowing to analyze social and psychological problems of the client. Terminology is entered into the theory of social work from medical practice, such as "diagnosis", "treatment", "client", but with new semantic value.Mary Richmond writes that in social work as an important point the estimation, statement of the diagnosis and a choice of a method of the help on the basis of this diagnosis in each specific case is.

Estimations should be scientifically proved unlike those moral criteria which the charitable organisations used. «Studying, the diagnosis, treatment» – such is the sample, a technique of work with the client.

The social diagnosis, according to M.Richmond, assumes an estimation of the person of the client and its social status. The social help is a series of measures in which result the client and its social environment should change.

The purpose of interaction of the client with the social worker consisted in that the client has received an objective picture of own situation, personal and social dependences, relations at social institutes and community in whole, complicating its social functioning.In individual work with the client, described in «Social diagnoses», M.Richmond's withdrawal from a method of moral belief and ethical alternatives is traced and transition to methods of socially-psychological influence and interaction is planned. For the first time here process of interaction of the social worker and the client is presented. Process occurs as certain sequence of actions, as the procedure subordinated certain logician.

Subsequently this procedure is made out in the method of the individual work which have become basic in technologies of social work.

The principles of an individual approach developed by M.Richmond, have been recommended to use for work with various categories of the population, and also have started to be applied in work with groups.

Theoretical workings out of M Richmond were of great importance not only for practice, they also have found reflexion in development of theoretical schools and concepts of social work. Historically the most known schools in the theory of social work concern diagnostic and functional.

In practical interaction of the social worker and the client as theorists of this direction marked, it is necessary to give particular attention to last experience of the client, its nurseries to experiences, bents, estimation of the person. It was time when there was a theory of psychoanalysis of Z.Frejda, and representatives of diagnostic school, in comparison with other directions, have tested on itself its strongest influence. Relations between the client and social the worker were under construction as authoritative. A problem of the social worker – the treatment of the client understood as change of its person the help in adaptation to environment.

Thus, there is as though a transition to modern understanding of essence of social work and refusal of formal and authoritative relations between the social worker and the client. The functional school considered also that development of the person is influenced also by a social environment which interferes or promotes this process. Besides a social environment play a role and economic, cultural factors. At the same time, the individual bears a private responsibility for self-realisation. It should find balance between the individual development and that it simultaneously is a member of a certain society or group. At interaction with an environment the individual creates certain models of behaviour,tending to remain all life.

Studying of these models is necessary for that understanding as the individual can grow and develop. The social worker, choosing those or other forms of work, should provide movement in that direction in which the client wishes to change.

Development of the theory of social work in post-war years passed in a context of the further polemic between diagnostic and functional approaches. H.Perlman has tried to synthesise these of the approach, having offered as new model of individual work «a method of the decision of problems». H.Perlman's approach is based that the help to the client develops of two main components: process of the help and personal resources of the individual. Considering the decision of problems of the client in narrow sense, at level of its inquiry, the researcher suggests to develop motivation of the client, its ability to activity, to expand its personal resources. Thus, essential concepts of its theoretical approach are such as a problem, process, resources.

The problem is understood as a situation at which the individual not in a condition to realise the requirements and it complicates its social functioning. Under process - repeating sequence of activity which leads to change in the necessary direction of a problem of the client. Process is carried out in subject interaction of the social worker and the client. At technics level this process of interaction is reduced to such basic procedures:

a) identification of a problem of the client and those events which have caused it;

b) mutual belief of the client and the social worker in correctness of preliminary understanding of a problem;

c) gathering and the information analysis;

d) interaction scheduling, its realisation and evolution.

Development of the theory of social work developed in the USA in three directions:

1. Theoretical development of traditional methods;

2. Development of the complex approach uniting the theory and practice in uniform system;

3. Working out of special approaches to specific groups of clients.

Then working out of the theory of social work which directly leaves on practice becomes more active; receive illumination various aspects of preparation of experts, base approaches to necessary skills are formulated, communication of the theory with practice is considered. Have the further development such problems of social work, as social functioning, a professional estimation, actions of intervention processes of an individualization and others.

At this particular time integrated approaches to the theory and practice of social work start to develop, including the approaches developed in the analysis adapt, rational therapy, in approaches of updating of behaviour. Then developments of the theory and the experts of social work reached by this time are summed up, the basic concepts and methods are in detail analyzed. Since 70th years. In the world literature on social work as the conventional following methods are considered;

1. A method of individual work;

2. A method of group work;

3. Public work (with community);

4. Social administration and planning.