Раздел 2. Словообразование (Word-building)

1.

аффиксация (т.е. прибавление к слову суффикса; или префикса);

2.

конверсия (образование новых слов без изменения их написания и произношения);

3.

словосложение (образование нового слова путем сложения двух слов в одно);

4.

изменение ударения в слове (соответственно, получение нового слова, относящегося к другой части речи).

1.

happy - счастливый

unhappy - несчастный

happiness - счастье

happily - счастливо

2.

help - помощь

helper - помощник

helpful - полезный

helpless - беспомощный

3.

correct - правильный

incorrect - неправильный

-er, -or

to heat

нагревать

heater

подогреватель,

радиатор

to construct

строить

constructor

строитель

to explore

исследовать

explorer

исследователь

-ant, -ent

to assist

помогать

assistant

помощник

to study

изучать

student

студент

-ist, -yst

указывают на профессию, на принадлежность к политическому или научному направлению:

to type

печатать

typist

машинистка

to analyze

анализировать

analyst

аналитик, лаборант-химик, специалист по психоанализу

-ian, -ese

указывают на национальность или принадлежность к городу:

Belarusian

белорус

Japanese

японец

-ian

указывает на профессию:

electrician

электротехник

-ее

обозначает лицо, на которое направлено действие:

to address

адресовать

addressee

адресат

to trust

доверять

trustee

доверенное лицо

-ion, -tion, -ation, -sion, -ssion

to connect

соединять

connection

соединение

to produce

производить

production

производство

to organize

организовывать

organization

организация

to collide

сталкиваться

collision

столкновение

to admit

допускать

admission

допущение

-age

to assemble

собирать

assemblage

сборка

-ment

to measure

измерять

measurement

измерение

-ure

to press

давить

pressure

давление

-ance, -ence

to depend

зависеть

dependence

зависимость

to disturb

нарушать

disturbance

нарушение

-ing

образует отглагольные существительные:

to cool

охлаждать

cooling

охлаждение

-ness

effective

эффективный

effectiveness

эффективность

-ity

similar

сходный

similarity

сходство

-ity

similar

similar

similar

similar

-th

обычно с изменением корневой гласной:

long

длинный

length

длина

-dom

free

свободный

freedom

свобода

king

король

kingdom

королевство

-ism

patriot

патриот

patriotism

патриотизм

-hood

neighbour

сосед

neighbourhood

соседство

-ship

member

член

membership

членство

-able, -ible

to move

двигать

movable

подвижный

to extend

вытягивать

extensible

растягиваемый

-ant, -ent

to depend

зависеть

dependent

зависимый

to resist

сопротивляться

resistant

сопротивляющийся

-ive

to explode

взрывать

explosive

взрывчатый

-al

centre

центр

central

центральный

-ful

use

польза

useful

полезный

-en

wood

древесина

wooden

деревянный

-ic

magnet

магнит

magnetic

магнитный

-ar

circle

круг

circular

круглый

-ous

advantage

преимущество, выгода

advantageous

выгодный, благоприятный, полезный

-y

dirt

грязь

dirty

грязный

-ly

day

день

daily

ежедневный

-less

wire

проволока

wireless

беспроволочный

-ish

white

белый

whitish

беловатый

Pole

поляк

Polish

польский

-en

length

длина

to lengthen

удлинять(ся)

weak

слабый

to weaken

ослаблять

-fy

intense

сильный

to intensify

усиливать

simple

простой

to simplify

упрощать

-ize

crystal

кристалл

to crystallize

кристаллизировать

real

настоящий

to realize

осуществлять

-1у

practical

практический

practically

практически

easy

легкий

easily

легко

-ward(s)

указывает направление:

inward

внутрь

onward(s)

вперед

forward(s)

вперед

upward(s)

вверх

eastward(s)

на восток

Exercise 1.

Read the following sentences and underline the suffixes in the words in italics. Write out each word and try to decide what the suffix means. Refer back to the table if you need help.

1.

Potential threats include the destruction of computer hardware and software and the loss, modification, theft, unauthorized use, observation, or disclosure of computer data.

2.

Computers enable the creation of graphics that are so realistic that they appear to have depth, even though they are actually just two-dimensional images displayed on a flat monitor, television, or movie screen.

3.

A Trojan horse may appear to be something interesting and harmless, such as a game, but when it runs it may have harmful effects.

4.

Developments in the television and video worlds in 1992 weren't as dramatic as in audio.

5.

The heart of the system is a laser beam optical code reader, a device that automatically reads coded labels applied to each item of baggage.

6.

In addition to response to the whole range of optical frequencies, the new detector is sensible enough to distinguish 25 separate television programs that a single laser beam might be able to carry.

7.

The objective of the new broadband microwave station in space is to learn how to extend the useful life of communications satellites and to avoid or overcome the effects of radiation.

8.

Later in 1998 the company suffered further losses stemming from labor contract disputes with other segments of the company's staff, including flight attendants, machinists, cleaners, and other employees.

9.

Although some doctors practice nuclear medicine as a full-time specialty, many more physicians in such fields as radiology, pathology, and internal medicine use aspects of nuclear medicine in their work.

10.

Beginning in 1995, the shuttle flew a series of missions to the Russian space station Mir.

The number of the sentence

The word

The suffix

The meaning of the suffix

1.

destruction

1.

disclosure

2.

depth

3.

harmless

4.

developments

5.

reader

6.

sensible

7.

useful

8.

machinists

9.

physicians

10.

Russian

Exercise 2.

Fill in the gaps with the correct suffix from the following list.

-al

-ence

-ly

-ship

-ance

-hood

-ment

-th

-dom

-ity

-or

-ward

a.

The growth in numbers of educational television stations in the past year is not the only index of active 1 __.

b.

A single fiber the wid 2__ of a human hair can transmit thousands of telephone conversations simultaneously.

c.

The current flow is caused by the voltage, or potential differ 3__, between the terminals.

d.

A conductor allows an electric current to flow through it, but it does not permit the current to flow with perfect free 4__.

e.

Scientists describe this relation 5__ between resistance, length, and area by saying that resist 6 __ is proportional to length and inversely proportional to cross-sectional area.

f.

An electric current is a move 7__of charge.

g.

Substances that do not allow electric current to flow through them are called insulat 8__s, nonconductors, or dielectrics.

h.

The element 9__unit of electricity is the absolute charge on a single electron or proton.

i.

General-circulation week 10 __ papers often contain news of interest to people in a smaller area than that of a daily paper, an area such as a small city, town, or neighbour 11__.

j.

As an outer-shell electron jumps in 12__ to fill the inner-shell vacancy, the atom emits an X ray, a high-energy photon invisible to the eye.