Задания по реферированию и аннотированию
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст статьи «Improved processes produce high quality lubes», определите ее тему. Разработки какой компании описаны в статье?
Задание 2. Составьте план статьи, выделите ее наиболее значимые отрывки. Обратите внимание на цифровую информацию, наличие сокращений - наименований нефтепродуктов и технологических операций, их параметров, а также наименований компаний.
Задание 3. Составьте библиографическое описание статьи на русском языке.
Задание 4. Подготовьте реферат данной статьи, отредактируйте его, обращая внимание на логическую и формальную связь между частями.
Задание 5. Подготовьте реферативный перевод статьи.
Задание 6. Подготовьте аннотационный перевод статьи
Текст I.
IMPROVED PROCESSES PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY LUBES
Fred Banta, Peter O. Staffeld, Mary P. McGuinness, Robert G.Wuest
Mobil Technology Co. Paulsboro, N.J.
Oil &Gas Journal
July 13, 1998
In several lube-refinery applications, Mobil Oil Corp. has demonstrated process improvements in the areas of vacuum distillation, lube hydrocrack-ing and catalytic dewaxing.
This article is the second of three that discusses Mobil lube technolo-gies. The first covered Mobil’s compositional monitoring approach to predict lube-oil qualities. The third will discuss the company’s catalyst technologies and commercial applications.
DEEP-CUT VACUUM DISTILLATION
Deep-cut vacuum distillation (DCVD) aims to achieve maximum vacuum gas oil (VGO) yield and sharp-cut separation of gas oils. The principle behind DCVD is to achieve the lowest pressure and highest temperature possible for the vacuum flash zone while minimizing liquid-resid entrainment.
Key features include proprietary fractionation equipment with a patented flash zone de-entrainment chimney.
To-date, Mobil has implemented DCVD at four lube refineries for improved lube-distillate yield and quality and at nine fuel refineries for cleaner preparation of cracking feedstock. In a solvent-lube refinery, DCVD raised the resid cut point by 400C resulting in 2.5% higher VGO yield. Overlap between VGO cuts was also reduced by 300C. With this technology, Mobil has produced marine engine oils and industrial-circulating and gear oils of high quality.
In a lube-hydrocracking refinery, DCVD debottlenecked the vacuum tower by 20%, which resulted in an improved HVGO yield and viscosity (10-15% increase in viscosity).
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Although the initial furfural units were licensed and designed by Texaco Inc., Mobil has developed improvements to extraction columns, alternate solvents, and hybrid processing over the years.
Extraction columns. Furfural extraction is the key process for controlling the oxidative and thermal stability of a base oil. The primary process variables for controlling quality are solvent\oil ratio, tempera-ture, and number of extraction stages. In the 1980s, Mobil endeavored to secure a flexible supply of crudes which were suitable for base-oil manufacture. Although several Mexican and North Sea crudes showed potential for lubes, these crudes generally required more severe furfural extraction with correspondingly lower process yields. Many Midconti-nent and Arab Gulf crudes showed promise. Mobil at different times ran all of the above crudes in its solvent units.
Mobil obtained good lube production rates from the lower quality lube crudes by redesigning extractor internals and changing the tempe-rature profile in the extractor. Included in the internals’ re-design are unique feed, furfural, and intercooler-return distributors to improve contacting efficiency. Most Mobil extraction units are running at 25-50% above design feed rates by incorporating these hardware changes. Work continues on improving extraction unit hardware. Flooding and raffinate undercarry are problems which occur as extraction units are expanded to increase production. A 1.83 m cold-flow model is being used to study the hydrodynamics occurring at the bottom of the extractor.
Alternate solvents. Some lube refineries use N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the extracting solvent. Mobil is currently evaluating if improved yields from NMP justify revamping its furfural units. Mobil has studied numerous solvents and solvent systems to improve its furfural extraction process. The most promising of these involves using a small amount of a c-solvent with furfural. The cosolvent increases the solvent power of furfural and can be used in existing solvent recovery systems. A commercial test of this solvent system demonstrated its ability to improve yield or production capacity. In this instance, a1-2% yield was realized on a heavy neutral run.
Hybrid processing. Hybrid processing can be an attractive debottle-necking investment for an existing solvent refinery. Certain lubricants, used in critical applications, require base oils with high viscosity indices (>105 VI) and very low sulfur contents. Although solvent extraction can achieve viscosity index (VI) with some crudes, raffinate yields are ty-pically very low and sulfur removal is limited to about 80%. An alternative processing route is to couple hydrotreating with extraction, commonly called hybrid processing. Mobil has been producing very high quality (VHQ) turbine oils via this hybrid route for more than 10 years.
SOLVENT DEWAXING
The performance of solvent dewaxing units is strongly affected by solvent composition and utilization. Many units are limited by solvent recovery, and decisions have to be made for allocating solvent for dilution vs. washing. Hot washing of filters is critical in maintaining optimum filtration rates. Proper hot-washing times and temperature can increase production rates by 20% with minimal investment cost. The solvent-recovery limitations mentioned above and high refrigeration costs are constant concerns to solvent-dewaxing operators. Recently Mobil and W.R.Grace jointly commercialized a membrane separation system to recover cold solvent from dewaxed-oil-filtrate. The recovered solvent can be used directly for dilution, bypassing the solvent recovery system entirely. Besides reducing refrigeration and solvent recovery costs, this technology increases solvent inventory for dilution, which can increase dewaxed-oil production of filter limited stocks. This technology was first demonstrated in a 2,500b\d commercial-scale plant at Mobil’s Beaumont refinery. The demonstration program confirmed an economically viable solvent selectivity and good production rates during a 16-month, steady-state run. A 72,000 b\d membrane unit was designed in-house and was built at the Beaumont refinery. The unit was started up in early 1998. The basic design objectives were to recover and recycle about 12,000 b\sd of solvent and to maintain less than 3% lube oil in the recovered solvent. The commercial plant has maintained less than 1% lube oil in the recovered solvent and can recover solvent at 70% above the design rate. Base oil production at the dewaxing unit has increased by about 20%. The capital cost of the membrane unit was about one-third of that which would have been required for a conventional expansion of the same magnitude.
LUBE HYDROCRACKING
Lube hydrocracking is an alternative to solvent refining. In solvent-lube processing, the main objective is to remove undesirable low VI compo-nents inherent in the crude via liquid\liquid extraction. The low VI compo-nents are typically rejected to low-value fuel oil.
Lube hydrocracking converts the undesirable components into valuable lube molecules with suitable VI. Some low-sulfur naphtha and distillate are made as byproducts, and these are generally higher valued than the fuel oil produced by solvent extraction. Hydrocracking, used in lube manufac-ture, has been growing at an average rate of 4% year. By 2000, about 16% of all lubes will have been produced by hydrocracking. Hydrocracking offers several advantages vs. solvent processing:
Higher lube yields. It converts undesirable components to lubes rather than removing them.
Broader feedstock flexibility. It permits lube production from lower quality, cheaper crudes.
Higher-quality base oils. It can produce base oils meeting emerging standards for high performance (API Group II and III).
Most recently, Mobil has extended its hydrocracking expertise to the production of lubes at its grassroots Jurong, Singapore, lube plant.
Production of lube base oils from fuels-hydrocracker bottoms is another route to lubes that has become attractive in recent years. The VI potential of the heavy hydrocrackate is upgraded by the hydrocracking reactions, and it merely needs to be dewaxed and distilled to specification viscosity to make a high quality, lube base-oil. Mobil is practicing this route to lubes with a joint venture with BP in Europe.
Задание 7. Подготовьте реферативный перевод текста «Pollution by industry»
Задание 8. Подготовьте аннотационный перевод текста «Pollution by industry»
Задание 9. Подготовьте реферативный перевод текста «Mediter-ranean in trouble»
Задание 10. Подготовьте аннотационный перевод текста «Mediterranean in trouble»
INOGATE
Some of the richest oil and gas fields in the world lie in the area of the Caspian Sea and in Central Asia. The countries of the region - Azerbaijan, Kazakstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan - used to supply their energy resources to the Soviet Union. However increased exploitation and invest-ment in the region will mean additional transit and exports capability which require adequate transport infrastructure, especially if they are to take advantage of new markets in Europe and the West, where their pro-ducts are in demand and will be beneficial for the long security of supply of the European Union.
A program to assist these states meet this demand has been set up with the help of the European Union, it is called «Interstate Oil and Gas Trans-port to Europe» - INOGATE for short. This program helps the former Soviet republics to reconstruct and optimize their oil refineries and their pipelines. There are many political and economic factors influencing the choice of transport route for energy resources from the Caspian region destined for Europe. Inogate was set up to assess various options and provide objective information to governments and commercial companies operating in the region.
For exporting the Azeri production the only functioning new pipeline runs from Azerbaijan through the Russian province of Chechnya to the port of Novorossyisk on the Russian coast but the political context of this region is difficult and does not create the optimal conditions for this export line. West of the Caspian Sea, there are three other options. The one, favoured by the United States, is to build a pipeline through Turkey and on to the Mediterranean but this is estimated to be too costly. Another possible route is through Iran. This would be less expensive than the Turkey route but this option is affected by a difficult political situation. A third possibility that is gaining support is for a main oil export pipeline through Georgia, and then by tanker across the Black Sea, and finally through Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria and on to the West. It has the advantage of integrating the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea to the Baltic and Mediterranean seas. The final decision must be made by the commercial companies who will have to invest and therefore should be getting adequate returns. In the meantime, the European Union is already involved in the construction of a new oil infrastructure on the Black Sea - at Supsa in Georgia.
As well as finding feasibility studies into possible transport routes, Inogate is helping the newly independent states to establish a framework for sustainable regional and export markets based on the European Charter treaty and international standards.
ORGANIC FUEL SOLUTION
Denmark is often referred to as the breakfast provider of Europe - but the intensive farming methods used to get the best out of the soil can cause environmental problems. Chemical fertilizers and the raw manure from the livestock, if uncontrolled, can pollute the land and rivers - while the fossil energy used to provide heat and electricity produces CO2 - the greenhouse gas. In Denmark they believe they have found a model for sustainable agriculture - one which would not only address environmental pollution but which also produces CO2 neutral energy. They have plants converting animal manure and organic waste into biogas which is used to provide heat and power. This practice is catching on across Europe. In all Europe there are millions of tons of animal manure from big animal production and more than 100 million tons of food processing waste which are the threat for the water environment: you can’t dump it in landfill, you can’t incinerate, you have to treat it properly with good proven technology and recycle all the nutrients because it is really a highly valuable product for the crops.
A combined biogas and wood chip fired heating and power plant provides all the heat for a farm. They also run a generator the whole year round. The generator provides electricity which is sold to the national grid - while the hot water is piped directly to 140 consumers for domestic heating. The process starts with a collection of manure from the farm. Each tanker load of slurry produces 500 cubic meters of biogas - that’s enough to run the generator for two hours. About 40 million tons of animal manure is produced on an average farm annually. It would represent a huge environmental problem if it were not dealt with properly.
Allied to the production of agricultural products is there processing and packing - the organic waste produced can represent a considerable pollution problem. For example, at this food factory they slaughter 15,000 pigs a week - the content of the slaughtered pigs intestine is destined for the biogas plant. 25% of the biomass is organic waste coming from factories like this, for them the centralized biogas plant represents an appropriate and cost effective waste disposal and recycling possibility.
The raw material collected from the farms and slaugherhouses is mixed with and digested in anaerobic digestion tanks for 25-30 days. The gas is then cooled dried and cleaned before being burnt in the generator and boilers.
Примечания:
Manure - навоз
national grid - национальная электросеть
slaughtered pigs intestine - внутренности забитых свиней
slaughterhouse - бойня
This practice is catching across Europe - Эта практика распространя-ется по всей Европе
INVENTING CLEAN WATER
Although water covers more than 2/3 of our planet’s surface, clean water, in many places is still very scarce. Rivers and streams are often contaminated, making the water unfit for human consumption. Every year millions of children die because they have no access to pure water. It took one man to help to make a difference. Professor Michael Wilson says: «I think, the start of the idea was this amazing programme that I saw on TV. It was called «A hand full of sugar and a pinch of salt» which was basical-ly telling us of how about five million children died each year of diarrhoea-related diseases, and how a lot of them could be saved by simply giving them an aqueous solution of sugar containing salt. Once I was making a curry. You know, you put sultanas into a curry, and as I was stirring the curry, the sultanas swelled up, and this is basically osmosis. It dawned on me that this could be a very simple way of purifying water. If you imagine the skin of a sultana was a semi-permeable membrane and just allowed very small molecules to go in like water, but could exclude bacteria and viruses, then, inside the membrane you would have a sterile solution».
Wilson knew that cellulose film had all the properties he needed for a membrane. The cell walls of plants are made of cellulose, which enables sap to rise by osmosis. Cellulose is also found in the packaging industry as cellophane. The Belgian company UCB Films, the biggest and most experienced cellophane producers in the world were very excited by Wilson’s idea. But it too UCB six years to turn the scientific principle into a product. The cellopore sachet contains a mixture of sugar and salt, measured to give the correct re-hydration solution. The cellophane membrane with the mixture soaks up water into the sachet. Almost any available water source can be used, even a muddy, cholera infected river. The pores in the membrane are so small that only water molecules get through, leaving 99,99% of bacteria and viruses behind. Six hours later the water inside the sachet is clean and safe. If food powders are added then, the sachet can provide food or milk.
With a starting point of one to two million, UCB predicts that within 5 years they will be producing 100 million sachets a year and they could save millions of lives a year.
Примечания:
sultanas - изюм
osmosis - осмос, односторонняя диффузия растворителя через мембрану
cellopore sachet - проницаемый целлофановый пакетик
KYOTO - MORE THAN HOT AIR?
Тематический словарь:
To disrupt weather pattern - менять модель климата
drought - засуха
greenhouse gas - парниковый газ
carbon dioxide - двуокись углерода, углекислый газ
nitrous oxide - окись азота
to build-up - накапливаться
biodiversity - многообразие биологических видов
polar caps - полярные льды
flooding - затопление
hydrogen fuel cell - водородная батарея
exhaust - выхлоп, выброс
vehicle - транспортное средство
combustion engine - двигатель внутреннего сгорания
incentive - стимул, побуждение
Примечания:
BP - British Petroleum