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Catalytic cracking units, with moving bead catalyst as well as with powder-type catalyst, are used for production of high-grade gasoline and for increasing the total yield of fuel distillates. Various straight-run petroleum fractions as well as secondary process products can be applied as charge stock. The catalyst cracking products are high quality gasoline grades and by-products, catalytic gas oil and gases with high content of isobutane applied as feed for alkylation units. Light catalytic gas oil grades can be used as diesel fuel blending stock, direct or after hydrofining.

Catalytic cracking units are built for various capacities. Their equipment permits continuous processing of sulfurous as well as sulphur free stock. High efficiency centrifugal pumps and turboblowers are used in these units. Up-to-date instruments and automatic control equipment are applied, with electric and pneumatic operating mechanisms.

The charging stock entering the unit is directed by means of a centrifugal pump into heat exchangers and then into a fired heater. There it is brought up to the required temperature and, having been converted into vapour phase, continues its way to a reactor in which it comes into contact with the moving catalyst. A special device in the reactor separates the vapours and the gaseous products from the moving catalyst. Thereafter they are directed into the fractionating column.

The catalyst covered with coke is stripped with superheated steam. A gas lift using hot combustion gases raises it from the reactor bottom into a feed hopper, whence it enters a regenerator. In the latter the coke covering the catalyst surface is burnt off, and the catalyst activity is thereby restored. The regenerated catalyst is transferred into the reactor for re-use. Hot air is continuously blown into the regenerator for coke burning. The air is preheated in special air heaters. Excessive heat developed in the regenerator by the coke burning process is utilized for generation of high-pressure steam.

Fresh catalyst is added into the system from time to time to make up losses. Combustion gases are utilized for preheating this catalyst. Petroleum product vapours and gases leaving the reactor section enter a fractionating section to be separated into individual fractions. Gasoline vapours and gases having passed the fractionating column and condenser-and cooler set, reach a gas separator. Rich gas flows then into the compressor suction line of the gas fractionating plant.

The gasoline partly returns into the fractionating column as a reflux. The remainder is pumped into the stabilizing plant. The intermediate fraction, being a light gas oil, passes the fractionating column, heat exchangers, and a condenser. Then it partly re-circulates into the cracking charge, the remainder being pumped away from the unit. Heavy gas oil flows through heat exchangers to be partly returned into the fractionating column with the view to maintain the required temperature at the column bottom and to be partly drawn off through a cooler and sent to the storage tank area.

CATALYTIC DEWAXING

Тематический словарь:

Dewaxing - депарафинизация

solvent dewaxing - депарафинизация с помощью растворителя

lube - смазочное масло

raffinate - рафинат

spindle oil - машинное масло

hydrocracking- гидрокрекинг

hydrocrackate - продукт гидрокрекинга

hydrotreating - гидроочистка

hydroheater -

viscosity range - диапазон вязкости

yield - выход (нефтепродукта)

VI - viscosity index - индекс вязкости

debottlenecking - ликвидация «узких мест», разгрузка

interstage gas separation - промежуточная газовая сепарация

Примечания:

1. fuels-hydrocracker bottoms - кубовые остатки гидрокрекинга

2. to impart product stability - для стабилизации продукта

3. grassroot solvent - основной растворитель

4. 12 MLDW units have been streamed - идет строительство 12 установок MLDW