Задания

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст, проведите предпереводческий анализ текста

Задание 2. Обратите внимание на перевод атрибутивных словосоче-таний

Задание 3. Охарактеризуйте тему текста, укажите наличие в тексте терминов, книжной и профессиональной лексики

Задание 3. Выполните полный письменный перевод текста

Recent changes in the Earth’s climate are disrupting weather patterns around the world creating devastation from storms, floods and droughts. And every indication links this climate change to so-called Greenhouse gases; waste gases pumped out from vehicles, factories, power stations and our centrally heated homes.

The Earth’s climate depends on its atmosphere, which acts like a blanket. Heat from the Sun passes through the atmosphere and warms up the earth. As it warms up, the earth radiates heat, some is trapped, while the rest escapes into space. Emissions from human activities of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other gases used in industry build up in the atmosphere causing it to act rather like a giant greenhouse and gradually increasing the earth’s temperature.

All living things produce carbon dioxide, and the level of these green-house gases in the atmosphere has remained approximately the same for the last 10,000 years. If the build up continues Southern Europe could become like the Sahara desert and cause severe disruption to agriculture and biodiversity. Melting polar caps and expanding seas will make sea levels rise, submerging some islands and threatening low lying countries like Bangladesh and the Maldives with permanent flooding.

There is now an urgent need to reduce global emissions of green house gases. 178 countries took the first concrete step in 1997 when they adopt-ed the Kyoto Protocol. It sets precise targets for reducing emissions by the most industrialized countries. These nations met again in the Hague again in November 2000, to step up their commitments to controlling climate changes. Road transport and industrial emissions present the greatest challenge. Road transport alone produces about a third of our greenhouse gases. Yet we are highly dependent on it for our mobility. The most promising alternative is an electric engine powered by hydrogen fuel cells. When hydrogen and oxygen are combined in a fuel cell they produce electricity and water. The only exhaust is pure vapor. This revolutionary but practical solution to reducing emissions from vehicles will be on the market within the next few years.

The internal combustion engine has been around for approximately a hundred years now. Fuel cell engine vehicles have only been around for the last ten years with Daimler Chrysler being one of the leaders in this technology. Currently the efficiency of a fuel cell engine is approximately twice as good as the best direct injection diesel engine and the scientists see further progression likely with the fuel cell technology.

Industrial emissions are another major source of greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming and climate change. Some companies like BP have introduced a system of incentives to encourage business units to reduce emissions. By allocating a value to emission reductions, units around the company can build up credits, which they trade for goods and services with other BP business units right across the globe. It gives units with the best environmental performance an incentive to reduce emissions further.

This kind of credit system is being considered as a model for an agreement between nations to help achieve the targets set by the Kyoto Protocol. If we are to limit the damaging impact of global warming and climate change caused by greenhouse gases, it cannot just be the responsibility of industry and politicians. We all have to play a part.

THE COST OF CLEAN AIR

Задание 1. Выполните предпереводческий анализ текста

Задание 2. Выполните полный письменный перевод текста

With existing pollution control expenditures already totalling around $100 thousand-million a year, environment protection is predicted to take an increasingly important role in the U.S. economy. But weighing the costs and benefits of a program as ambitious as the Clean Air Act is notoriously difficult. The main problem is predicting the development of new, relative-ly inexpensive antipollution technologies - such as the catalytic converters developed to meet the emission requirements set by the 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments and now included on most automobiles.

By one estimate, the price of implementing the 1990 Clean Air Amendments could come to $12 thousand-million a year by 1995 and $25-30 thousand-million a year when they are fully in place in 2005 - about $24 a day from each US citizen. Meanwhile, car buyers might have to spend an extra $200 for mandatory antipollution equipment, and utility bills could rise by about two percent.

There’s no denying that the act will also have some direct, if localized, impact on employment. The Environment Protection Agency estimated that new limits on sulfur dioxide could result in the losses of 14,000 jobs in the high-sulfur mines of the Southeast and Midwest by the year of 2000, more than offset nationally by the 17,000 jobs gained as mining of low-sulfur veins expands in other parts the Southeast and in the West. Job losses from higher costs on other regulated firms are harder to qualify.

Internationally, many US companies see pollution-control technologies as having great export potential to heavily polluted areas such as Eastern Europe. In 1990, EPA Administrator William Reilly has pointed out, Russia ordered $1 thousand-million dollars of pollution-control equipment made in the United States.

Although difficult to determine precisely, the Clean Air Act certainly imposes significant costs on many parts of the U.S. economy. Neverthe-less, the act offers a more basic, if less immediate, economic benefit - the improved health and productivity of workers who will be able to breathe healthier air.

THERMAL CRACKING

Тематический словарь

boiler fuel oil - котельное топливо

straight-run residuum - остаток прямой перегонки

low-pressure flash chamber - испаритель низкого давления

delayed cracking - углубленный ( замедленный) крекинг

submerged tubular condenser - погружной трубчатый конденсатор

aim product - целевой продукт

by-product - побочный продукт

process conditions - режим (работы)

prolonged continuous operation - длительная непрерывная работа

gas plant - газовый блок, установка

octane number - октановое число

T.E.L. - тетраэтилсвинец (ТЕС)

piping length - протяженность трубопроводов

convection coils - змеевики

fractionating column - ректификационная колонна

Примечания:

motor method - моторный метод (определения октанового числа)

high efficiency electrically driven centrifugal pumps - высокопроизводительные центробежные насосы с приводом от электродвигателей