- •General Notes on Style and Stylistics
- •Stylistics and Other Linguistic Sciences
- •Meaning from a Stylistic Point of View
- •Stylistic Devices
- •Lexical Stylistic Devices
- •EMs and sDs based on the interaction of primary and contextual meanings
- •Em and sd based on the interplay of primary (dictionary) and derivative meanings (zeugma, pun, violation of phraseological units)
- •Sd based on the interaction between the logical and the nominal meanings of the word
- •Em and sd based on the interaction between the logical and emotive meanings
- •EMs and sDs which give additional characteristics to the objects described
- •Syntactical Stylistic Devices
- •SDs used within a sentence. SDs based on the juxtaposition (соположение) of different parts of the utterance
- •SDs based on the peculiarities of oral speech
- •SDs based on the stylistic use of interrogative and negative constructions (rhetorical questions, litotes)
- •SDs used within an utterance sDs based on parallelism
- •SDs Based on Repetition
- •Functional Style of the English Language
- •The Belles-Lettres Functional Style (the Style of Fiction)
- •The Scientific Prose Style
- •Popular Science prose
- •Newspaper Style
- •Paper 1
- •Paper 2
- •4. Answer the questions in writing
- •Translate the sentences and analyze the cases of metonymy
- •Paper 3
- •4. Give examples of irony and sarcasm.
- •5. Answer the questions in writing
- •Paper 4
- •5. Answer the questions in writing
- •6. Translate the sentences in writing. Indicate the types of cases of play on words, how it is created, what effect it adds to the utterance
- •Paper 5
- •Give your examples of antonomasia.
- •Analyze the following cases of antonomasia
- •Paper 6
- •Give your examples of different types of epithet
- •Define the type and function of epithet. Translate the sentences
- •Paper 7
- •Give your own examples of hyperbole, understatement and oxymoron.
- •7. In the following examples concentrate on cases of hyperbole and understatement. Translate the sentences.
- •Translate the following sentences, pay attention to oxymoron.
- •Paper 8
- •Learn the following phrases and use them in your own sentences:
- •4. Discuss the following cases of simile
- •Paper 9
- •3. Define the periphrases in the sentences and state their type:
- •Paper 10
- •7. Find examples of inversion and detachment in w. S. Maugham’s novel “Theatre”.
- •8. Analyze cases of inversion and detachment. Make the sentences sound neutral by restoring the word order
- •Paper 11
- •4. Find examples of represented speeh, rhetorical questions in w. S. Maugham’s novel “Theatre”.
- •5. Discuss different types of stylistic devices dealing with the completeness of the sentences
- •Analyze the structure and the functions of litotes
- •Paper 12
- •5. Find and analyze cases of suspense and climax. Indicate the type of climax
- •Paper 13
- •3. Discuss the semantic centre and structural peculiarities of antithesis
- •Paper 14
- •3. Find cases of different types of repetition, parallelism and chiasmus in w.S Maugham’s novel “Theatre”
- •4. Define repetition, parallelism and chiasmus
- •Paper 15
Functional Style of the English Language
Functional style appeared mainly in the literary standard of a language. In fact the standard literary English language in the course of its development has fallen into several functional styles; each of them has acquired its own peculiarities which are typical of the given functional style. Each functional style can be characterized by a number of distinctive features leading or subordinate, constant or changing, obligatory or optional. Each functional style is subdivided into a number of sub-styles. Each variety has basic features common to all the varieties of the given functional style and peculiar features typical to this variety alone. Each functional style is a relatively stable system at the given stage in the development of the literary language but it changes from one period to another. Therefore functional style is a historical category. Thus, the functional style of emotive prose actually began to function as an independent style in the second half of the 16th century; the newspaper style budded off from the Publicistic style, etc.
The classification of functional styles is a disputable issue. Most of the Russian linguists single out the following functional styles:
I. Galperin I.R.: 1) the Belles-Lettres Style with the sub-styles of
poetry
emotive prose
drama
2) the Publicistic Style
a. oratory
b. essays
c. feature articles (очерки) in newspapers and journals
3) the Newspaper Style
a. brief news items
b. newspaper headlines
c. notices and advertisements
4) the Scientific Prose Style
a. the language style of Humanitarian sciences
b. the “exact” science
c. Popular Science Prose
5) the Official Document Style
a. the style of diplomatic documents
b. legal documents
c. business documents
d. military documents
II. V. L. Naer adds two more styles: 1) the Professional Technical Style; 2) the Religious Style. Thus, he separates 7 Functional Styles.
III. M.D. Kuznets separates: 1) the Literary Refined Style (Bookish):
the Publicistic Style;
the Scientific-technical Style;
the Style of official documents;
2) Free (colloquial) Style:
a. Literary Colloquial Style;
b. Familiar Colloquial Style.
Thus, the author rejects the idea that imaginative literature has a functional style.
The Belles-Lettres Functional Style (the Style of Fiction)
Its purpose is to suggest a possible interpretation of the phenomena of life as the writer himself sees them. This is the cognitive function of the style. When the idea of the book is gradually unfolding the reader feels pleasure. This pleasure is caused not only by admiration of the selected language means but by the fact that he (the reader) can form his own conclusions. This function can be called aesthetical-cognitive.
The Functional style of fiction rests on certain indispensable linguistic features:
a) the use of words in contextual (metaphor, metonymy) and very often in more than one dictionary meanings (zeugma, pun);
b) a vocabulary which will reflect the author’s evaluation of things;
c) a peculiar individual selection of vocabulary and syntax (which mark this style as individual in essence), etc. Individuality is less noticeable in Publicistic style, is hardly noticeable in the style of scientific prose and is lacking in official style. Elements from other styles may be used in emotive prose. Thus, we find elements of the style of scientific prose in the story “The Cholera Bacillus” by H.G. Wells. But these elements of other styles under the influence of emotive prose undergo a kind of transformation.