- •General Notes on Style and Stylistics
- •Stylistics and Other Linguistic Sciences
- •Meaning from a Stylistic Point of View
- •Stylistic Devices
- •Lexical Stylistic Devices
- •EMs and sDs based on the interaction of primary and contextual meanings
- •Em and sd based on the interplay of primary (dictionary) and derivative meanings (zeugma, pun, violation of phraseological units)
- •Sd based on the interaction between the logical and the nominal meanings of the word
- •Em and sd based on the interaction between the logical and emotive meanings
- •EMs and sDs which give additional characteristics to the objects described
- •Syntactical Stylistic Devices
- •SDs used within a sentence. SDs based on the juxtaposition (соположение) of different parts of the utterance
- •SDs based on the peculiarities of oral speech
- •SDs based on the stylistic use of interrogative and negative constructions (rhetorical questions, litotes)
- •SDs used within an utterance sDs based on parallelism
- •SDs Based on Repetition
- •Functional Style of the English Language
- •The Belles-Lettres Functional Style (the Style of Fiction)
- •The Scientific Prose Style
- •Popular Science prose
- •Newspaper Style
- •Paper 1
- •Paper 2
- •4. Answer the questions in writing
- •Translate the sentences and analyze the cases of metonymy
- •Paper 3
- •4. Give examples of irony and sarcasm.
- •5. Answer the questions in writing
- •Paper 4
- •5. Answer the questions in writing
- •6. Translate the sentences in writing. Indicate the types of cases of play on words, how it is created, what effect it adds to the utterance
- •Paper 5
- •Give your examples of antonomasia.
- •Analyze the following cases of antonomasia
- •Paper 6
- •Give your examples of different types of epithet
- •Define the type and function of epithet. Translate the sentences
- •Paper 7
- •Give your own examples of hyperbole, understatement and oxymoron.
- •7. In the following examples concentrate on cases of hyperbole and understatement. Translate the sentences.
- •Translate the following sentences, pay attention to oxymoron.
- •Paper 8
- •Learn the following phrases and use them in your own sentences:
- •4. Discuss the following cases of simile
- •Paper 9
- •3. Define the periphrases in the sentences and state their type:
- •Paper 10
- •7. Find examples of inversion and detachment in w. S. Maugham’s novel “Theatre”.
- •8. Analyze cases of inversion and detachment. Make the sentences sound neutral by restoring the word order
- •Paper 11
- •4. Find examples of represented speeh, rhetorical questions in w. S. Maugham’s novel “Theatre”.
- •5. Discuss different types of stylistic devices dealing with the completeness of the sentences
- •Analyze the structure and the functions of litotes
- •Paper 12
- •5. Find and analyze cases of suspense and climax. Indicate the type of climax
- •Paper 13
- •3. Discuss the semantic centre and structural peculiarities of antithesis
- •Paper 14
- •3. Find cases of different types of repetition, parallelism and chiasmus in w.S Maugham’s novel “Theatre”
- •4. Define repetition, parallelism and chiasmus
- •Paper 15
EMs and sDs which give additional characteristics to the objects described
They are simile and periphrasis (перифраза).
Simile is a structure of three components. It is an imaginative comparison of two unlike objects belonging to two different classes. The one which is compared is called the tenor, the one with which it is compared is called the vehicle. The tenor and the vehicle are connected by one of the following link words like, as, as though, as like, such as, as…as, etc.
E.g. The girl is like a rose
The girl is the tenor; a rose – the vehicle; like – a link word.
The feature which is called foundation of the simile may be explicitly mentioned
E.g. He stood immovable like a rock. (immovable – foundation)
When the foundation is not explicitly named the simile is considered to be richer in possible associations.
Simile in which the link between the tenor and vehicle is expressed by notional verbs such as to resemble, to seem, to remember, to remind, to recollect to look like, to appear are called disguised or hidden similes.
E.g. He reminded James of a hungry cat.
Periphrasis is a word combination which is used instead of word designating the object. Periphrasis can be of three types:
Logical is based on logical notions e.g. Mr. X bore under his arm the instrument of destruction. – (pistols).
Figurative is based on metaphor and metonymy e.g. Back foolish tears, back to your native spring. – (eyes)
Euphemistic (благозвучный) give a mild, delicate expression instead of one which seems rude or unpleasant. It is used for different stylistic purposes, sometimes to achieve humorous effect.
e.g. Mr. Pont was dressed in the conventional disguise (=the suit) with which Brooks Brothers cover the shame of American millionaires(=the belly).
The often repeated periphrasis becomes trite and serves as universally accepted periphrastic synonyms
E.g. the gentle sex means women; my better half – my spouse.
The main function of P. is to convey a purely individual perception of the described object. To achieve it the generally accepted nomination of the object is replaced by the description of one of its features or qualities, which seems to the author most important for the characteristic of the object, and which thus becomes foreground.
Syntactical Stylistic Devices
Syntactical SDs deal with the syntactical arrangement of the utterance which creates some particular emotional colouring. The problem of SSDs is closely connected with the problem of the word order in English. The English affirmative sentence is regarded as neutral if it maintains the regular word order: the subject – the predicate – the object.
In oral speech (which is more emphatic than the written type of speech) different syntactical structures are used automatically as a norm of oral intercourse communication and are not considered to be SDs. Within the written type of the speech even a slightest change in the word order of the sentence will add something to the volume of the information contained in the sentence.
SSDs can be subdivided into 3 groups:
1. SDs used within a sentence. This group can be divided into:
SDs based on the juxtaposition (соположение) of different parts of the utterance (inversion, detachment),
SDs based on the peculiarities of oral speech (ellipsis, aposiopesis, represented speech),
SDs based on the stylistic use of interrogative and negative constructions (rhetorical questions, litotes);
2. SDs used within an utterance:
SDs based on parallelism (parallel constructions, chiasmus/reversed parallelism),
SDs based on a special arrangement of the parts of the utterance (climax, anticlimax or bathos, suspense, antithesis),
SDs based on repetition (repetition);
SDs based on a special use of connection between words, phrases and utterance.