SDs used within a sentence. SDs based on the juxtaposition (соположение) of different parts of the utterance

They are inversion, detachment.

Inversion deals with the displacement of the predicate or the displacement of secondary members of the sentence and their shift into the front opening position of the sentence. Stylistic inversion aims at attaching logical stress or additional emotional colouring. The following patterns of stylistic inversion are most frequently used:

1) the object is placed before the subject

E.g. Talent Mr. Brown has, capital Mr. Brown has not.

2) the post-position of the attribute

E.g. Once upon the midnight dreary.

3) the predicative stands before the link verb and both are placed before subject E.g. Rude am I in my speech.

4) the adverbial modifier is placed at the beginning of the sentence

E.g. Eagerly I wished.

5) both the adverbial modifier and the predicate stand before the subject

E.g. In went Mr. Pickwick.

Detachment is regarded as a special kind of inversion. Its usage is based on the violation of the traditional means of connection between different members of a sentence, though logical ties between them always exist. The word order is not violated, but secondary members obtain their own stress and intonation because they are detached from the rest of the sentence by commas, dashes or even a full stop.

E.g. And I have to beg you for money. Daily.

The functions of inversion and detachment are almost the same, but detachment produces a much stronger effect, it gives prominence to some words and helps the author to draw the reader’s attention to certain details or circumstances, to emphasize his emotional attitude towards what he describes.

SDs based on the peculiarities of oral speech

These SDs are ellipsis, aposiopesis, represented speech.

Ellipsis is a deliberate omission from the construction of one or more words which are obviously understood

E.g. I went to Oxford as one goes into exile, she to London.

In contemporary prose ellipsis is mainly used in dialogue where it employed by the author to reflect the natural omission characterizing oral colloquial speech. In written speech ellipsis makes the sentence laconic and creates the effect of implication.

Ellipsis is the basis of the so-called telegraphic style in which connectives and redundant words are left out.

Aposiopesis (Break-in-the-Narrative) - умолчание, недосказ

It is the sudden breaking off in speech without completing a thought as if the speaker was unable or unwilling to state what was in his mind. It is used to convey the emotional state of the character. In this SD the intonation plays a great role. It is graphically marked by a series of dots or a dash

E.g. You just come home or I’ll…(the implication of a threat).

Good intentions but…(nothing has come of what was planned).

The pause after the break is generally charged with meaning.

Represented speech

There are three ways of reproducing actual speech:

2. direct speech;

3. indirect speech;

4. represented speech.

Represented speech exists in two types: uttered represented speech and unuttered (inner) represented speech.

Uttered represented speech demands that the tense should be switched from present to past. The personal pronouns should be changed from the first and the second to the third persons. As in indirect speech the syntactical structure does not change

E.g. Could he bring a reference from where he now was? He could.

Sometimes the shift from the author’s speech to the uttered represented speech is marked by some introductory words such as asked, said, smiled or by a formal break like a full stop or a number of dots.

E.g. In consequence he was quick to suggest a walk… didn’t Clyde want to go?

Unuttered represented speech

The thoughts and feelings going on in one’s mind and reflecting some previous experience are called inner speech.

It is psychological phenomenon but when it acquires a communicative function it becomes a phenomenon of the language. The expressive function of the language is suppressed by its communicative function, and the reader is presented with a complete language unite capable of carrying information. This device is called inner represented speech. It retains the most characteristic features of inner speech. Inner represented speech unlike uttered represented speech expresses thoughts and feelings of the character which were not materialized in spoken or written language by the character. That is why it abounds in exclamatory words and phrases, elliptical sentences and other means of conveying psychological states. The person gives vent to his emotions and this SD is used to depict the character. It is usually introduced by the verbs to feel, to think, to understand, to tell oneself, to ask, to occur, to meditate and the like

E.g. over and over he was asking himself: Would she receive him? Would she recognize him? What should he say to her?