Key Terms

1.0 Images of Life-Span Development: Children's Perceptions of Morals on the Make-Believe Planet of Pax

2.0 Families

coregulation

step-family

latchkey children (дети с ключом на шее)

3.0 Peer Relations

neglected children

rejected children

social cognition

intimacy in friendships

integrated learning

aptitude-treatment interaction (ATI)

4.0 Schools

institutional racism

school-governance team

5.0 The Self

self-understanding

social aspects of the self

social comparison

perspective taking

self-esteem

Perceived Competence Scale for Children

The Self-Perception Profile for Children

social identity theory

ethnoсentrism.

prejudice

industry versus inferiority

6.0 Gender

gender role stereotypes

instrumental-achievement

expressive-affiliation

feminine

masculine

sexism

androgyny

undifferentiated

gender role transcendence

7.0 Moral Development

moral reasoning

internalization

preconventional reasoning

punishment and obedience orientation

individualism and purpose

conventional reasoning

interpersonal norms

social system morality

post conventional reasoning

community rights versus individual rights

universal ethical principles

justice perspective

care perspective

altruism

equality

merit

benevolence

Essay and Critical Thinking Questions

Comprehension and Application Essay Questions

We recommend that you follow either our guidelines for "Answering Essay and Critical Thinking Questions," or those provided by your instructor, when preparing your response to these questions. Your answers to these kinds of questions demonstrate an ability to comprehend and apply ideas discussed in this chapter.

1. Explain how researchers determine whether children understand concepts such as conflict, socioeconomic inequality, and civil rights.

2. Explain the kinds of problems that parents confront with their children regarding school and discipline, and how parents change their disciplinary practices as children grow older.

3. What are latchkey children? What kinds of problems do they face when parents are absent? How can parents diminish or heighten the difficulties faced by latchkey children?

4. Compare and contrast popular, rejected, and neglected children.

5. Identify and explain what factors influence who will be your best friend.

6. Explain how entering school changes lives of children.

7. Explain what is meant by saying that schools are middle class institutions that favor middle class students.

8. Explain Selman's views about the role of perspective taking in self-understanding.

9. How do developmentalists measure self-esteem? Also indicate and explain what factors influence the self-esteem of children.

10. Explain the concept of a gender role stereotype.

11. Summarize the differences and similarities between the sexes.

12. Define androgyny and gender role transcendence, and explain why some theorists prefer one concept over the other one.

13. Summarize the relationship between ethnicity and gender role development for females and males.

14. Explain Kohlberg's theory of moral development, and indicate three criticisms of his approach.

15. Define altruism, and indicate how this concept relates to moral development.