12. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

PRE–COLUMBIAN CIVILIZATION

Once only in the long history of mankind (1) have explorers or conquerors come upon a highly developed civilization which did not possess (2) either obvious or indirect links with others.

Anthropologists (3) may – and undoubtedly will – argue forever about whether the Indians of the Western hemisphere are genuine aboriginals, or whether their forefathers (4) came from Siberia to Alaska across the frozen (5) Bering Strait, or even drifted across the Pacific on rafts; the question is intriguing but irrelevant (6). What matters is that their civilization developed in-situ and, until the arrival (7) of the Spaniards in the 16^th century, owed nothing to influences from outside the continent.

In such fields as astronomy and measurement (8) of time they excelled, but in other respects they were woefully defective (9). They had no wheel, no beasts of burden - except when, latterly in Peru, the occasional (10) half-domesticated llama could be persuaded to carry a light load over a short distance. And yet somehow, despite these handicaps, they were able to build on a colossal scale: pyramids and temples and cyclopean (11) walls that can still evoke astonishment (12) and awe.

Native Americans were principally warriors (13) rather than builders. They fiercely defended their watery (14) capital, which stood in the middle of the huge lake on the site of the present-day Mexico City. However, it was eventually (15) destroyed by the Spanish conquistadors who had hoped to preserve it; but the determination (16) and courage of its defenders (17) forced them to continue the fighting until its complete demolishment (18).

13. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных трех вариантов.

The maya

The Maya were an American Indian people who developed a (1) magnificent civilization in southern Mexico and Central America which (2) flourished from 250 AD to 900 AD.

The Maya were greatly (3) influenced by the Olmec people. The Olmec lived west of the Maya around 800 BC and were probably the Central American (4) inventors of writing, numbers and the calendar. The Maya made huge (5) advances in architecture, writing and the sciences. They were also (6) artful craftspeople. They carved stone sculptures and (7) ornaments from jade (a semi-precious green stone). The Mayan population increased rapidly. The Maya built (8) grand and huge cities, like El Mirador and Tikal. These cities were (9) meticulously planned, with many beautiful temples that (10) resembled Egyptian pyramids. After 950 AD, the Mayan civilization slowly (11) declined. In the mid-1500s, the Spanish conquerors (12) invaded and conquered almost all of the Mayan Empire.

1	A magnificent	B magnified	C malignant
2	A blossomed	B flourished	C culminated
3	A inflamed	B inflated	C influenced
4	A inventors	B investors	C investigators
5	A advents	B adversaries	C advances
6	A artificial	B artful	C artistic
7	A ornaments	B refinements	C redecorations
8	A grand	B gross	C crude
9	A intelligently	B cautiously	C meticulously
10	A assembled	B resembled	C dissembled
11	A inclined	B reclined	C declined
12	A invaded	B occupied	C infested

JOKES

• An archeologist is someone whose life is in ruins.

• – I’ve traced my ancestors right back to royalty!

– You mean King Kong.

• – My family’s records go back at least eight centuries. How about yours?

– Ours were lost in the Flood.

• He can trace his family tree right back to when his family used to live in it.

• When old junk meets new money you’ve got an antique.

• – My uncle’s got a Chippendale chair.

– That’s nothing. My uncle’s got an Adam’s apple.

1. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.