1. Civilizations

5. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.

Atlantis

In the fourth century BC the Greek philosopher (1), Plato wrote about a mysterious (2) civilization which as he claimed had existed long before the

Societies (3) of Middle East and Egypt. Atlantis was thought to have been a huge island situated to the west of Europe which had an extremely (4) advanced civilization whose empire stretched as far as Greece and Egypt. However, according to Plato, the island and its people disappeared (5) into the ocean around 11.500 years ago as a result of an enormous (6) earthquake.

Since Plato wrote about Atlantis, numerous (7) attempts have been made to find the island, all of which have been unsuccessful (8). As a result, it is now

believed (9) that Plato invented the place and its people. In spite of this, there are still those who think there might have been some truth (10) in what Plato said. They believe that some Atlanteans escaped the destruction (11) of the island and passed their knowledge to the Egyptians who later founded their own civilization. There is a possibility (12) that these believers might be right, as ancient Egyptian records report that there was a massive (13) volcanic eruption on the Greek island of Thira in about 1500 BC, which caused a number of severe earthquakes. The debate concerning the existence (14) of Atlantis is likely to continue until scientists or archeologists settle the argument (15) one way or another. In the meantime, however, we can do nothing but speculate (16) about what a great civilization it may have been.

6. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово. Ancient egypt

The Ancient Egyptian civilization based around the river Nile emerged 5000 years ago and reached its peak in the 16th century BC. Ancient Egypt was (1) famed for its great power and wealth (2), due to the highly fertile (3) lands of the Nile delta, which were rich sources of grain. The Egyptians (4) were advanced in agriculture, engineering and applied (5) sciences. Many of their spectacular (6) monuments, such as sphinxes and pyramids, have survived till the present day. The pyramids at El Giza were built during the 4th dynasty when the Old Kingdom (7) had reached the height (8) of its power. One of the places worth seeing is Abu Simbel built on the Upper Nile in the 13th century BC. It is associated with the name of Ramses II who was one of the few Egyptian pharaohs who

aggressively (9) sought to extend his authority (10) beyond the Nile Valley. The famous landmark of Abu Simbel is the temple dedicated (11) to Ramses’ wife and the goddess (12) of love and beauty.

7. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово. Ancient greece

The Greek civilization flourished (1) 2,500 years ago on the shores of the Ionian and Aegean Seas (modern Greece and Turkey). Although its population never exceeded (2) two million, ancient Greece made great innovation (3) in philosophy, politics, architecture and arts, and the Greek culture forms the basis (4) of western civilization to this day. The first Greek civilization, known as Mycenaean, owes much to the Minoan civilization of Crete and may have been produced by the intermarriage (5) of Greek-speaking invaders with the original

inhabitants (6). During the Archaic period (800-500 BC), Ionian Greeks led the development of philosophy, science and poetry (7). The Greeks became great sea traders (8), and founded colonies around the coasts of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, from Asia Minor in the east to Spain in the west.

In 490 BC Darius of Persia invaded Greece only to be defeated by the Athenians at Marathon and was forced to withdraw. In 480 another invasion (9) by the Persian emperor (10) Xerxes, after being delayed by the heroic (11) defense of Thermopylae by 300 Spartans was defeated. In the rule of Alexander the Great (333-323 BC), Greece overthrew the Persian Empire, conquered (12) Egypt and invaded the Punjab. After his death, the empire was divided among his generals, but his conquests spread Greek culture across the known world.