Vocabulary notes

predicate утверждение

list список, перечень, реестр

to enter in a list вносить в список

to make a list составлять список

drug I) наркотик; 2) лекарство,медикамент drugstore аптека

disparity неравенство, несоответствие, несоразмерность disparity in years разница в годах

prohibition 1) запрещение; 2) сухой закон signatory сторона, подписавшая какой-либо договор

или дру­гой документ exemption освобождение (от налогов и т.п.) exemption from military service освобождение от военной службы

to contribute (to smth) способствовать, содействовать (чему-либо) to recur возвращаться, повторяться, происходить вновь evaluation оценка, определение

entrepreneur предприниматель

obvious очевидный, явный, ясный

for an obvious reason пo вполне понятной причине

an obvious question само собой напрашивающийся вопрос to eliminate устранять, исключать

to eliminate a possibility исключать возможность incumbent обязанность, долг

actor I) деятель; 2) актер

a bad actor ненадежный человек

Text 5

If too many obligations are posed upon a specific sector or in a specific country, there is a risk of creating serious distortions among different sectors in a single member state or geopolitical distortions in a specific area of the European region because they increase costs and time devoted to the controls. The resources allo­cated for anti-money laundering controls would not directly be in­vested in the production cycle of goods or services and would be perceived as an added fixed cost in respect of other competitors who do not have to sustain those same obligations.

In this direction, Article 13 of the Directive provides for the crea­tion of a Contact Committee, whose main task is to facilitate the co­ordination and harmonisation of implementing measures between member states, including action regarding the extension of obliga­tions to additional unregulated professions and undertakings. Actu­ally, the Contact Committee is examining the possibility of creating for all European Union member states a common list of professions and categories of undertakings to be covered. In doing so, many problems arise: first of all, there is the consideration that money laundering can be carried out through virtually any kind of business. However, this does not mean that the provisions of the Directive should be applied to all kind of professions and undertakings, re­gardless of the real risk involved. Any decision in this regard should keep the balance between the obligations and duties to be imposed and the real risk of money laundering. Secondly, it is important to understand the modus operandi of internal control systems and super­visory authorities for each profession. For this reason, die specific obligations to be applied to each profession and the appropriate sys­tem to enforce them should be carefully considered.

Certain geographical areas remain scarcely regulated or not regulated at all, and some offshore financial centres are in the European continent or in territories somehow linked to European Union member states. Most offshore banks are subsidiaries or branches of banks headquartered in European Union member countries. Further extension of regulatory provisions also to these subsidiaries or geographic areas should, of course, contribute to en­hancing the effectiveness of these obligations and distribute among more actors the economic costs of these preventive policies. The non-compliance to these obligations by external countries or by institutions should be turned into an economic disadvantage, provid­ing sanctions for the institutions or into economic barriers and fiscal disincentives for the countries.