Vocabulary notes

to pose формулировать, излагать, ставить, предлагать to create творить, создавать

distortion искажение, искривление

to allocate размешать, распределять, ассигновать to invest 1) помещать, вкладывать (деньги,капитал); to invest in snith делать капиталовложения в

(industry, ...) (промышленность и т.п.)

to invest with smth 2) облекать (полномочиями и т.п.)

(power,...)

to perceive воспринимать, осознавать, чувствовать

to sustain 1) поддерживать; 2) испытывать, выносить, выдерживать; 3) подтверждать, доказывать

the court sustained суд решил в его пользу

his claim

undertaking 1) предприятие, дело; 2) обязательство, соглашение

to arise (arose, arisen) появляться, возникать

virtually фактически, в сущности, поистине regardless невзирая на, не считаясь с

to impose облагать (пошлиной, налогами т.п.) modus operandi (Lat.) образ действий

supervisory наблюдательный, контролирующий supervisory body контрольный орган

scarcely l) едва, как только, только что; 2) едва ли, вряд ли; 3) едва, с трудом

subsidiary дочерняя, подконтрольная компания

syrt. subsidiary company

headquarters 1) штаб, штаб-квартира; 2) главное управление, центр, центральный орган

to distribute 1) раздавать, распределять; 2) распространять; 3) классифицировать

compliance согласие

in compliance with в соответствии с вашим по-

your wish желанием

disadvantage невыгода, невыгодное положение, вред, ущерб to be at a disadvantage быть в невыгодном положении

fiscal финансовый, фискальный

fiscal year финансовый год

disincentive сдерживающее средство, препятствие

Section 3: Corruption and Remedies against it Text l

During a research recently carried out by TRANSCRIME on corruption in the 15 European Union countries, six main patterns of corruption and different patterns of criminal responses to corruption were outlined:

• systematic corruption (Italy, France, Spain and Belgium);

• emerging systematic corruption (Germany and Greece);

• sporadic corruption (Ireland, Austria and Portugal);

• casual corruption (the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark and Swe­den);

• English corruption (United Kingdom);

• managing others' corruption (Luxembourg).

With reference to legal responses the main criteria used for this analysis were:

1. the definition of the crime of corruption;

2. the distinction between passive and active corruption;

3. the definition of passive and active subjects involved in the crime of corruption; and

4. sanctions.

The results show that there is less homogeneity with respect to the definition of the crime of corruption. The differences in definition are related to the fact that corruption takes on different forms in the various European countries, depending on each cultural and social context. It is important to study the cultural background of the various countries in order to discover the constant elements of corruption and thus to adopt the most effective preventive measures. For instance, when referring to «corruption prone environment» in Italy, we are talking about a phenomenon that is deeply rooted in the cultural tra­dition of Italian society, in the sense that corrupt activities are practiced and accepted by normal citizens. The penal codes of the United Kingdom and Germany envisage various levels of corruption crimes (misdemeanors or felonies), according to the position held by the actor. Another distinction is related to the nature of the corruption act, in that it may be linked with, or contrary to the functional role of the actor. In the case of the passive receipt of a bribe by a public offi­cial in order to speed up a service for which he/she is competent, the penalty of a fine is envisaged. On the other hand, a public official who authorizes the issuance of a license although this is not under his/her competence, is committing an offence. In Austria (Article 304, paragraph 1), Denmark (Article 144), Finland (Article 40), Ger­many (paragraph 332), the Netherlands (Article 363) passive corrup­tion involving abuse of the public function is punished with a higher penalty than in the case of corruption that does not involve the abuse of a public function.