- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •1 Properties of Radio Waves
- •Introduction
- •The Radio Navigation Syllabus
- •Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation
- •Polarization
- •Radio Waves
- •Wavelength
- •Frequency Bands
- •Phase Comparison
- •Practice Frequency (
- •Answers to Practice Frequency (
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •2 Radio Propagation Theory
- •Introduction
- •Factors Affecting Propagation
- •Propagation Paths
- •Non-ionospheric Propagation
- •Ionospheric Propagation
- •Sky Wave
- •HF Communications
- •Propagation Summary
- •Super-refraction
- •Sub-refraction
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Modulation
- •Introduction
- •Keyed Modulation
- •Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- •Single Sideband (SSB)
- •Frequency Modulation (FM)
- •Phase Modulation
- •Pulse Modulation
- •Emission Designators
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Antennae
- •Introduction
- •Basic Principles
- •Aerial Feeders
- •Polar Diagrams
- •Directivity
- •Radar Aerials
- •Modern Radar Antennae
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 Doppler Radar Systems
- •Introduction
- •The Doppler Principle
- •Airborne Doppler
- •Janus Array System
- •Doppler Operation
- •Doppler Navigation Systems
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 VHF Direction Finder (VDF)
- •Introduction
- •Procedures
- •Principle of Operation
- •Range of VDF
- •Factors Affecting Accuracy
- •Determination of Position
- •VDF Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •7 Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
- •Introduction
- •Non-directional Beacon (NDB)
- •Principle of Operation
- •Frequencies and Types of NDB
- •Aircraft Equipment
- •Emission Characteristics and Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO)
- •Presentation of Information
- •Uses of the Non-directional Beacon
- •Plotting ADF Bearings
- •Track Maintenance Using the RBI
- •Homing
- •Tracking Inbound
- •Tracking Outbound
- •Drift Assessment and Regaining Inbound Track
- •Drift Assessment and Outbound Track Maintenance
- •Holding
- •Runway Instrument Approach Procedures
- •Factors Affecting ADF Accuracy
- •Factors Affecting ADF Range
- •Accuracy
- •ADF Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 VHF Omni-directional Range (VOR)
- •Introduction
- •The Principle of Operation
- •Terminology
- •Transmission Details
- •Identification
- •Monitoring
- •Types of VOR
- •The Factors Affecting Operational Range of VOR
- •Factors Affecting VOR Beacon Accuracy
- •The Cone of Ambiguity
- •Doppler VOR (DVOR)
- •VOR Airborne Equipment
- •VOR Deviation Indicator
- •Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
- •Questions
- •In-flight Procedures
- •VOR Summary
- •Questions
- •Annex A
- •Annex B
- •Annex C
- •Answers
- •Answers to Page 128
- •9 Instrument Landing System (ILS)
- •Introduction
- •ILS Components
- •ILS Frequencies
- •DME Paired with ILS Channels
- •ILS Identification
- •Marker Beacons
- •Ground Monitoring of ILS Transmissions
- •ILS Coverage
- •ILS Principle of Operation
- •ILS Presentation and Interpretation
- •ILS Categories (ICAO)
- •Errors and Accuracy
- •Factors Affecting Range and Accuracy
- •ILS Approach Chart
- •ILS Calculations
- •ILS Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •10 Microwave Landing System (MLS)
- •Introduction
- •ILS Disadvantages
- •The MLS System
- •Principle of Operation
- •Airborne Equipment
- •Question
- •Answer
- •11 Radar Principles
- •Introduction
- •Types of Pulsed Radars
- •Radar Applications
- •Radar Frequencies
- •Pulse Technique
- •Theoretical Maximum Range
- •Primary Radars
- •The Range of Primary Radar
- •Radar Measurements
- •Radar Resolution
- •Moving Target Indication (MTI)
- •Radar Antennae
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Ground Radar
- •Introduction
- •Area Surveillance Radars (ASR)
- •Terminal Surveillance Area Radars
- •Aerodrome Surveillance Approach Radars
- •Airport Surface Movement Radar (ASMR)
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 Airborne Weather Radar
- •Introduction
- •Component Parts
- •AWR Functions
- •Principle of Operation
- •Weather Depiction
- •Control Unit
- •Function Switch
- •Mapping Operation
- •Pre-flight Checks
- •Weather Operation
- •Colour AWR Controls
- •AWR Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
- •Introduction
- •Advantages of SSR
- •SSR Display
- •SSR Frequencies and Transmissions
- •Modes
- •Mode C
- •SSR Operating Procedure
- •Special Codes
- •Disadvantages of SSR
- •Mode S
- •Pulses
- •Benefits of Mode S
- •Communication Protocols
- •Levels of Mode S Transponders
- •Downlink Aircraft Parameters (DAPS)
- •Future Expansion of Mode S Surveillance Services
- •SSR Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
- •Introduction
- •Frequencies
- •Uses of DME
- •Principle of Operation
- •Twin Pulses
- •Range Search
- •Beacon Saturation
- •Station Identification
- •VOR/DME Frequency Pairing
- •DME Range Measurement for ILS
- •Range and Coverage
- •Accuracy
- •DME Summary
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Area Navigation Systems (RNAV)
- •Introduction
- •Benefits of RNAV
- •Types and Levels of RNAV
- •A Simple 2D RNAV System
- •Operation of a Simple 2D RNAV System
- •Principle of Operation of a Simple 2D RNAV System
- •Limitations and Accuracy of Simple RNAV Systems
- •Level 4 RNAV Systems
- •Requirements for a 4D RNAV System
- •Control and Display Unit (CDU)
- •Climb
- •Cruise
- •Descent
- •Kalman Filtering
- •Questions
- •Appendix A
- •Answers
- •17 Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS)
- •Introduction
- •EHSI Controller
- •Full Rose VOR Mode
- •Expanded ILS Mode
- •Full Rose ILS Mode
- •Map Mode
- •Plan Mode
- •EHSI Colour Coding
- •EHSI Symbology
- •Questions
- •Appendix A
- •Answers
- •18 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
- •Introduction
- •Satellite Orbits
- •Position Reference System
- •The GPS Segments
- •The Space Segment
- •The Control Segment
- •The User Segment
- •Principle Of Operation
- •GPS Errors
- •System Accuracy
- •Integrity Monitoring
- •Differential GPS (DGPS)
- •Combined GPS and GLONASS Systems
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •19 Revision Questions
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Specimen Examination Paper
- •Appendix A
- •Answers to Specimen Examination Paper
- •Explanation of Selected Questions
- •20 Index
Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS)
Display Modes
Expanded VOR Mode
The expanded VOR mode displays VOR information with a VOR selected and either a manual or database generated input of track.
DME13.3 |
HDG |
|
10 |
|
FROM |
126 / 20 |
|
Figure 17.2 Expanded VOR mode
The display shows that VOR2 is in use on a frequency of 116.80 MHz, the aircraft is outbound from the beacon at a range of 13.3 NM (DME) and is 7.5° right of the required track (165°(M)). The heading is 130°(M) and the present track 133°(M). The pilot has selected the heading bug to 104°(M). WXR is selected and the radar is in WX+T mode with 12° uptilt and the display is showing a contouring cloud centred on 105°(M) between 8 and 17 NM. The selected scale is 20 NM and the wind is 126°(M)/20 kt.
Full Rose VOR Mode
DME 17.7 |
HDG |
125' / 20 |
FROM |
|
Figure 17.3 Full rose VOR mode
17
Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS) 17
287
17 Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS)
(EFIS) System Information Flight Electronic 17
The full rose VOR mode is showing the same information as Figure 17.4, with some differences in symbology and the TO/FROM indication is a pointer that will appear either above or below the lateral deviation scale.
Expanded ILS Mode
DME13.3 |
HDG |
|
10 |
126 / 20 |
|
Figure 17.4 Expanded ILS mode
The expanded ILS mode shows the appropriate ILS information when an ILS localizer frequency is selected. The glide slope indications are suppressed when the aircraft track is more than 90° removed from the ILS localizer course.
Full Rose ILS Mode
DME 16.7 |
100' / 20 |
Figure 17.5 Full rose ILS mode
The full rose ILS mode shows the same information as the expanded ILS mode and has the same differences from the expanded ILS mode as noted for the VOR modes, except that the localizer deviation scale is doubled.
288
Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS)
Map Mode
26.3 nm |
|
|
|
|
DIT |
|
ZAPPO |
|
|
12000 |
|
|
1412z |
|
|
10 |
CAD |
|
|
|
AFS |
|
BANTU |
|
|
10000 |
|
|
1359z |
|
EYY |
|
|
|
EDNORPIL |
DFC |
|
12000 |
|
1347z |
|
129 / 20 |
|
2500 |
|
|
Figure 17.6 Map mode
The map mode shows the navigational information selected on the control panel and is heading orientated.
Plan Mode
26.2 nm |
|
|
BURDY |
ZAPPO |
KBZN |
BANTU |
|
Figure 17.7 Plan mode
The plan mode is orientated to true north and the information displayed at the top of the screen is the same as in the map mode. The plan mode allows the pilot to review the planned route using the FMC/CDU LEGS page. The display will be centred using this page.
17
Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS) 17
289
17 Electronic Flight Information System (EFIS)
(EFIS) System Information Flight Electronic 17
EHSI Colour Coding
The colour coding used on the EHSI is to the ICAO standard, which is also the standard adopted by EASA. The EASA CS-25 recommended colour presentation is:
Display features should be colour coded as follows:
Warnings |
Red (R) |
|
|
Flight envelopes and system limits |
Red |
Cautions, abnormal sources |
Amber/Yellow (A) |
Earth |
Tan/Brown |
Engaged modes |
Green (G) |
|
|
Sky |
Cyan/Blue (C) |
|
|
ILS deviation pointer |
Magenta (M) |
Flight director bar |
Magenta/Green |
Specified display features should be allocated colours from one of the following colour sets:
|
Colour Set 1 |
Fixed reference symbols |
White (W) |
Current data, values |
White |
Armed modes |
White |
|
|
Selected data, values |
Green |
|
|
Selected heading |
Magenta* |
Active route/flight plan |
Magenta |
* Magenta is intended to be associated with those analogue parameters that constitute ‘fly to’ or ‘keep centred’ type information
Precipitation and turbulence areas should be coded as follows:
Precipitation |
0 |
- 1 |
mm/h |
Black |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
- 4 |
mm/h |
Green |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
- 12 |
mm/h |
Amber/Yellow |
|
12 - 50 |
mm/h |
Red |
|
|
Above 50 |
mm/h |
Magenta |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turbulence |
|
|
|
White or Magenta |
|
|
|
|
|
290