Text 1 Cultural hints for performing presentations

Style of presentations

• In the USA the presenter has a more informal style. Modern audiovisual aids are used. The audience may ask questions or interrupt while someone is speaking.

• In Britain the presenter often has a more formal style. Germans like a presentation with technical details. The French like a formal, logical approach mixed with imagination.

• In Latin America and southern Europe presentations are lively and eloquent. The opening includes appreciation of hospitality. Comments are directed to the senior persons. Much use is made of hands and body language to emphasize a point. Audience members may want a more personal ‘extra’ talk afterwards.

• In Japan and south-east Asia the audience likes facts and data rather than abstract concepts. The opening is formal and includes appreciation of hospitality. Comments are directed to everyone. The Japanese ask repeated questions to check understanding.

Using your voice

• Americans and Germans use a strong, unemotional voice. Most northern Europeans use a moderate tone of voice.

• Latin Americans and southern Europeans have a forceful, animated style which is believed to project sincerity.

• Asians have a quiet, restrained style. The Japanese use silence to establish harmony and sense the mood of the audience.

(Business Builder. Intermediate Teacher’s Resource Series, P.Emerson, Macmillan Heinimann, 2002)

Text 2 Speeches of Introduction

“Distinguished guests, the President of the United States...” If you are ever in a situation in which you have to introduce the President, you will need no more than the eight words that begin this paragraph. The President is so well known that any further remarks would be inappropriate and almost foolish.

Most of the time, however, a speech of introduction will be neither this brief nor this ritualized. If you are introducing another speaker, you will need to accomplish three purposes in your introduction:

Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker.

Build enthusiasm for the speaker’s topic.

Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker’s credibility.

A good speech of introduction can be a delight to hear and can do much to ease the task of the main speaker. The basic message of such a speech should be “Here is a speaker you will enjoy, and this is why.” Usually you will say something about the speaker and about the topic – in that order. Following are some guidelines for speeches of introduction.

Be brief. The purpose of a speech of introduction is to focus attention on the main speaker, not on the person making the introduction. Under normal circumstances, a speech of introduction will be no more than two or three minutes long, and it may be shorter if the speaker is already known to the audience.

Make sure your remarks are completely accurate. Many introducers have embarrassed themselves as well as the main speakers by garbling basic facts about the speaker. Always check with the speaker ahead of time to make sure your introduction is accurate in every aspect. Above all, get the speaker’s name right—especially if it involves a foreign pronunciation.

Adapt your remarks to the occasion. Formal occasions require formal speeches of introduction. If you are presenting a guest speaker at an informal business meeting, you might be much more casual than if you were presenting the same speaker to the same audience at a formal occasion.

Adapt your remarks to the main speaker. No matter how well it is received by the audience, a speech of introduction that leaves the main speaker feeling uncomfortable has failed in part of its purpose.

Adapt your remarks to the audience. You need to adapt a speech of introduction to the audience you are facing. Your aim is to make this audience want to hear this speaker on this subject. Suppose, for example, the police commissioner of a certain city is going to address two groups – an audience of elementary-school children and the members of the city council.

The introduction to the schoolchildren might go something like this:

Children, we have a very important guest with us today. He is the number one policeman in our city, the head of all the other police officers. Besides knowing a lot about crime right here at home, the police commissioner has also spent time working with Interpol – a special group of police officers who deal with crimes around the world. Today he is going to talk about how all of us can work with our neighborhood police officers to prevent crime. Let’s give a big round of applause and listen carefully to Police Commissioner Robert Washington.

But the introduction to the city council would be along these lines:

Members of the city council and distinguished guests, it is my privilege to introduce to you today the police commissioner, who will address us on the subject of the community policing program. Most of you know that the commissioner has a distinguished record as head of our police force for more than 10 years. However, you may not know that he also holds a master’s degree on criminology and studied abroad for a year with Interpol, the international police force.

The commissioner first introduced the community program six years ago. The idea behind the program is....

Today the commissioner is going to tell us how this program can be extended to more of the city and made more effective for all of our citizens. Please welcome Police Commissioner Robert Washington.

Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama. You may have noticed one detail shared by the two speeches: the speaker’s name was saved for last. This is a convention in speeches of introduction. By doing this you build a sense of drama, and the speaker’s name comes as the climax of your introduction.

(Stephen E Lucas. The Art of Public Speaking. 2001)

PART B. GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

Grammar review: Tenses When we speak about events which have a relationship to present time we usually use the Present Simple, the Present Continuous and the Present Perfect tenses. The Present Simple is used to express: a habit – I get up at 7.30. a fact which is always true – We come from Belarus. a fact that is true for a long time – He lives in Minsk. a ‘timetable’ future (with a future time marker) – The lecture starts at 8.30. My bus leaves at three. after ‘when, as soon as, etc.’ to form a time clause – As soon as I come home, I’ll give you a call. When you see him, tell him that tomorrow’s meeting is cancelled. The Present Continuous is used to express: an activity happening now – They are discussing English grammar. an activity happening around now, but perhaps not at the moment of speaking – I’m reading an interesting book now. a temporary action or habit – I’m from Mogilev, but I’m living in Minsk now. I’m getting up early this week because my car is being repaired. regretable habit or irritation with always – I am always loosing my keys. You are always talking at the lesson! a planned future action (with future time marker) – What are you doing tomorrow? The Present Perfect is used to express: an action which took place in a period of time, which is not yet over – I’ve been to the library twice this week. I’ve seen our teacher this morning (it is still morning). an action which took place in the past but which still relates to the present – I’ve translated the text (I can help you). an action which started in the past and still continues – I have lived in Minsk for twenty years. I have known him since school. I have learned (have been learning) English for 7 years. Note: the time markers that are used with the Present Perfect – He has just/already left. They haven’t finished yet. I have never been to London. Have you ever been to the USA? When we speak about events which have a relationship to past time we usually use the Past Simple, the Past Continuous. The Past Simple is used to express: a past action that is now finished (usually with time marker) – I finished school last year. I saw her yesterday. Note: the time markers that are used with the Past Simple – I did it last month/ two years ago/ yesterday morning/ in 2005, etc. The Past Continuous is used to express: an event which took place at a specified point in the past – I was watching TV at 10 o’clock. I was watching TV when my mum came. an event which took place in a specified period in the past – I was doing my project from eight o’clock till midnight. I was doing my project while my brother was browsing Internet. When we speak about events which are planned for the future time we usually use: the Present Continuous for a planned future action (with future time marker) – They are having two lectures tomorrow and we are leaving at 2 . expression ‘be going to + Infinitive’ for intended actions we have already decided to do in the future – He is going to work hard and to pass exams with excellent grades. the Future Simple in predictions about the future usually with the words: I think , I believe, I’m sure, I hope, probably, perhaps, etc. – I think I will improve my grammar skills. He hopes he will be able to cope with difficulties.

Practice