8. Prepare a presentation on the history and dialects of Scottish.

Scottish and Scots used was originally used for the dwellers of Ireland. Scots was also used for the Gaelic language of the original Scots. This language was later known as Ersche.

 In the eighth century Scottish and Scots included the inhabitants of Northern Britain, who were of Irish descent and lived along the west coast of Alban, beyond the Firth of Clyde  (south-west of Glasgow).

 In the Anglo-Saxon period five different languages were spoken in Scotland. Three Celtic languages, Norse and the same language that was spoken in Northern England, as far south as the Humber. Linguistically, a large part of the Scottish Lowlands belonged to Northumbria. The borders between Scotland and England were continually shifting and the Scottish population was a mix of Scots, Picts (inhabitants of the east side as far south as the Firth of Forth, just north of Edinburgh), Strathclyde Britons, Norsemen (Norwegians) and Anglo-Saxons. At this time Scotland, as we know it today, was divided into five parts. There was one part that belonged to England (with English speakers), a Norwegian colony (Norse speaking) and three Celtic kingdoms (each with their own language).

 In the middle of the ninth century a Scottish ruler managed to succeed to the Pictish throne, however, he managed to keep the title 'King of Scots'. After some time the term 'Scots' included all inhabitants north of Forth.

 From the tenth century the Scottish monarchs extended their power to the territory south of Forth. This was because the Anglo-Saxons 'invited' them in, since they had problems to keep the people i Northumberland under control.

 In 1122 King David reunit the kingdom north of the Forth with the kingdom south of the Firth of Forth. When he died in 1153 Scotland had acchieved the stature of a nation. During the 12th century, however, Scotland remained on and off the vassal of England, and fought for independece. Because of this the linguistic situation became more complex in the following two centuries . The part south of the Firth of Forth was considered to be part of England and therefore the language spoken there was the same as in Northern England, called Lingua Anglica or Inglis.

 Not until the 16th century were distinctions made between the English spoken south of the Firth of Forth and north of Cheviot Hills, from the Inglis spoken in England. The former was from this time on, called Scottish.

 

EARLY SCOTS: 14th up to 15th century. During this period it was the literary dialect of Scotland and of England, north of the river Humber.

MIDDLE SCOTS: 15th to late 16th century, limited to Scotland.

MODERN SCOTS:17th century till present day. No longer in general literature, only in the spoken language and in popular poetry.

8. Present in class the life story of Mary, Queen of Scots, and its influence on the Scottish history.

It was during the time of the Reformation. Great Britain was Protestant, France was Catholic, and Scotland was torn between the two of them. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots was born into a time full of religious turmoil. Early in her life she was a pawn in the battle between Protestantism and Catholicism. As time past she struggled for her independence and self-determination. Nearing the end of her life she was once again at the mercy of relatives and ultimately put to death by one of them. She is one of Scotland's most intriguing and controversial women in history.

Mary Stuart, queen of Scots was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace in Scotland. Her mother was Mary of Guise, a member of the powerful French family Guise. Her father was James V of Scotland, the son Margaret Tudor and the nephew of England's King Henry VIII. James V died shortly after hearing his wife had given birth to a bony daughter, rather than a son that could continue the dynasty. This made Mary the Queen of Scotland at the age of six days old.

Mary was sent to France when she was only six years old to marry Francis II, the Dauphin, in return for Frances's aid in helping the Scottish rid themselves of the English. Mary stayed in France for the next twelve years. During this time she developed into a very beautiful and sexy woman who loved to dance, ride horses, and gossip. She was tall and had thick re hair. Mary was happy in the French court where she was King Henry II and his mistress's favorite. This however made her an enemy of Catherine de'Medici, the King's wife.

Francis II loved Mary so much he allowed her to rule him as well as France after he became King in 1558. However, Mary was not destined to rule France. In 1560, Francis II died and Mary was sent back to Scotland by her mother-in-law, Catherine de'Medici.

Mary returned to Scotland to find it under the influence of the Protestant, John Knox. Though she was the Queen of Scotland, her position as the dominant figure there was not as obvious being that she was Catholic. In Scotland Mary met, fell in love with, and married Henry, Lord Darnley. She described him as "the lustiest and best-proportioned lang man" that she had ever met. They married in 1564 and soon afterwards Henry proved that his beauty was the limit of his positive characteristics. He was arrogant, politically incompetent, and fond of frequenting the taverns. Mary excluded him from all court life and their relationship was one of only marriage.

Mary soon began to grow fond of the companionship of her secretary, close friend, and Italian musician David Rizzio. Lord Darnley became jealous of him and had him assassinated right before Mary's eyes. Shortly after this horrific act in 1566, Mary gave birth to a son, James VI of Scotland, later the I of England. Mary would never forgive Lord Darnley for having Rizzio assassinated.

In 1567, Mary after a failed attempt to reconcile with Lord Darnley became attracted to one of her firm supporters, the Earl of Bothwell. The Earl of Bothwell, with the help of others, carried out a plan that caused an explosion at the Kirk of Field, south of Edinburgh's Royal Mile that killed Lord Darnley. He was discovered as the assassin, but with the help of his political connections was acquitted soon after. Mary's actual participation in the planning of the assassination is controversial. It is not known to what degree she was involved or if she even was involved. Soon after the acquittal of the accusations, the Earl of Bothwell and Mary got married. Scotland was shocked and outraged. Mary and the Earl were besieged in Borthwick Castle while on honeymoon. The marriage between Mary and the Earl of Bothwell is also controversial. There are some scholars that believe that Mary was forced into the marriage and repeatedly raped, not a willing and wanting member of the marriage.

Both Mary and the Earl of Bothwell escaped Borthwick Castle safely and raised an army of supporters. They fought a battle against the opposition at Carberry Hill. Mary was defeated and forced to abdicate on her imprisonment in Loch Leven Castle. Mary escaped prison one year later with help from her Catholic supporters. She was defeated again by the Protestant forces, this time at Langside near Glasgow. She tried to flee to France, but was blown ashore in England. There she tried to gain the protection of her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I.

Mary was imprisoned until she could clear herself of the accusations of Lord Darnley's murder. She remained in prison for some time. After trying to escape she was put under close guard and constant watch. During her years in prison, Mary continually planned her liberation. In early 1587, Catholic supporters of Mary attempted to assassinate Elizabeth I so Mary could take her rightful seat at the throne and institute Catholicism was again. Mary's association with the plot was the last straw, Elizabeth I signed Mary's warrant for execution. Mary had been in prison for nineteen years before she was executed on the morning of 8 February 1587. She was beheaded at Fotheringay and later buried at Westminster Abbey by her son, James VI of Scotland and the I of England.

Whether Mary Stuart was the champion of women's rights in the 16th Century as her admirers claim, or the conspiring and murderous woman that her critics claim, she was one of the most interesting women of her time. Her life possessed all the qualities of a tragic hero. She was beautiful and had the world in the palm of her hand, yet it was not meant to be. She would fall from her glorious status due to circumstances that may or may not have been out of her control.