- •Contents
- •The Future-In-The-Past Tense……………………………………………………………..45 the present indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Indefinite.
- •1. The Present Indefinite is formed from the infinitive without the particle to.
- •9. To denote future actions in adverbial clauses of time after conjunctions when
- •10. To denote future actions in adverbial clauses of condition after conjunctions if
- •In case
- •11. To denote future actions in adverbial clauses of concession after conjunctions
- •What do we do next?
- •The present continuous tense
- •III. The Present Continuous Tense is used to denote:
- •Actions or events which are in progress at the moment of speaking. To emphasize this, we often use adverbials like now, at the moment, just, etc.:
- •6. For a frequently repeated action, usually when the frequency annoys the speaker or
- •7. For an action which appears to be continuous:
- •8. To describe current trends:
- •Verbs not normally used in the continuous tenses
- •VII. Verbs denoting effect or influence: astonish, impress, please, satisfy, surprise. Feel, look, smell and taste used in the continuous forms
- •2. Look
- •3. Smell
- •4.Taste
- •See and hear used in the continuous forms
- •Think, assume and expect used in the continuous forms
- •The past indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Past Indefinite.
- •Verbs ending in -e add -d only:
- •3. The contracted negative forms are:
- •4. The negative-interrogative forms are:
- •Irregular verbs: form
- •If the period is over or reference is made to a particular past point of time within that
- •2. In narrations to express a succession of action of past actions.
- •3. To express recurrent actions. It is generally supported by the use of adverbial modifiers
- •4. To express the immediate past. We can sometimes use the simple past without a time
- •6. To express permanent actions which indicate continuous, uninterrupted processes in the past, giving a general characteristic of the person or thing denoted by the subject.
- •The past continuous tense
- •2. The Past Continuous is used to express an action going on at a given period of time in the past.
- •The future indefinite (simple) tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Indefinite Tense
- •1. The Future Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs shall/will
- •3. To denote future habitual actions which we assume will take place.
- •4. In sentences containing clauses of condition, time and sometimes purpose
- •The future continuous tense
- •The present perfect tense
- •III. The use of the Present Perfect
- •Have you been to Denmark?
- •Is this the first time you’ve been in hospital?
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •The past perfect tense
- •Had he not worked?
- •Hadn’t you worked?
- •The Squire was purple with anger before his son had done speaking.
- •With verbs not admitting of the Continuous form:
- •In negative sentences:
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Had he not been working?
- •Hadn’t you been working?
- •III. The use of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •The future perfect tense
- •I. The formation of thePerfect Continuous Tense
- •Will he not have worked?
- •Shan’t we have worked?
- •III. The use of the Future Perfect
- •The future perfect continuous tense
- •I. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •The Future Perfect Continuous denotes an action begun before a definite moment in the future and continued into that future moment;
- •The future-indefinite-in-the-past
- •I. The formation of the Future-Indefinite-in-the-Past
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Shouldn’t I work/
- •III. The use of the Future-Indefinite-in-the-Past.
- •The future-continuous-in-the-past
- •I. The formation of the Future-Continuous-in-the-Past
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •I. The formation of the Future-Continuous-in-the-Past
- •I. The formation of the Future-Perfect-in-the-Past
- •II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
- •Should I not have been working?
- •Wouldn’t he have been working?
- •III. The use of the Future-Perfect-Continuous-in-the-Past
- •List of irregular verbs
- •Appendix
- •I. Some spelling rules
- •I. Doubling the final consonant.
- •II. Mute Final e.
- •III. Final -y and Its Modifications.
II. The contracted affirmative forms are:
I’d have been working
He’d have been working
The contracted negative forms are:
I shouldn’t have been working
He wouldn’t have been working
The negative-interrogative forms are:
Should I not have been working?
Shouldn’t you have been working?
Would he not have been working?
Wouldn’t he have been working?
III. The use of the Future-Perfect-Continuous-in-the-Past
The Future-Perfect-Continuous-in-the-Past denotes an action lasting during a certain period of time before a definite moment which was future from the point of view of the past.
I wondered how long they would have been packing by the time I returned.
List of irregular verbs
The verbs in roman type are verbs which are not very common in modern English but may be found in literature. When a verb has two possible forms and one is less usual than the other, the less usual one will be printed in roman.
Compounds of irregular verbs form their past tenses and past participles in the same way as the original verb:
come came come
overcome overcame overcome
set set set
upset upset upset
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Present and infinitive |
Simple past |
Past participle |
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abode |
abode |
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arose |
arisen |
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awoke/awaked |
awoken/awaked |
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was |
been |
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bore |
borne/born* |
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beat |
beaten |
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became |
become |
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befell |
befallen |
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begot |
begotten |
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began |
begun |
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beheld |
beheld |
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bent |
bent |
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bereaved |
bereaved/bereft* |
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besought |
besought |
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betted/bet |
betted/bet |
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bade |
bidden |
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bid |
bid |
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bound |
bound |
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bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burned/burnt burst bought could cast caught chid chose clove/cleft |
bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built burned/burnt burst bought be able cast caught chidden chosen cloven/cleft* |
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clung clothed/clad came cost crept crowed/crew cut dared/durst dealt /delt/ dug did drew dreamed/dreamt /dri:md, dremt/ drank drove dwelled/dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbore forbade forgot forgave forsook froze got gilded/gilt girded/girt gave went ground grew hanged/hung had heard /h3:d/ hewed hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit knew laid led leaned/leant /li:nd, lent/ leaped/leapt /li:pt, lept/ learned/learnt left lent let lay lighted/lit lost made might meant /ment/ met mowed had to ---------- paid put read /red/ rent rid rode rang rose ran sawed said /sed/ saw sought sold sent set sewed shook should sheared/shore shed shone shoed/shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slew slept slid slung slunk slit smelled/smelt smote sowed spoke speeded/sped spelled/spelt spent spilled/spilt spun spat split spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank/stunk strewed strode struck strung strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought thrived/throve threw thrust trod understood undertook waked/woke wore wove wept wetted/wet would won wound wrung wrote |
clung clothed/clad come cost crept crowed cut dared/dmst dealt /delt/ dug done drawn dreamed/dreamt /dri:md, dremt/ drunk driven dwelled/dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forborne forbidden forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen got gilded/gilt girded/girt given gone ground grown hanged/hung* had heard /h3:d/ hewed/hewn hidden hit held hurt kept knelt knit known laid led leaned/leant /li:nd, lent/ leaped/leapt /li:pt, lept/ learned/learnt left lent let lain lighted/lit lost made meant ment met mowed/mown
--------- paid put read /red/ rent rid ridden rung risen run sawed/sawn said /sed/ seen sought sold sent set sewed/sewn shaken
sheared/shorn shed shone shoed shod shot showed/shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid slung slunk slit smelled/smelt smitten sowed/sown spoken speeded/sped spelled/spelt spent spilled/spilt spun spat split spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewed/strewn stridden struck strung striven sworn swept swelled/swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrived/thriven thrown thrust trodden/trod understood undertaken waked/woken worn woven wept wetted/wet ---------- won wound wrung written |