5. Form nouns from the following verbs. Use a dictionary if necessary

Model: To contribute – contribution, to move – movement, to meet – meeting, to walk – walk

To add, to calculate, to compute, to divide, to invent, to multiply, to subtract, to develop, to improve, to measure, to begin, to mean, to need, to record, to use, to work.

6. Put the general or alternative questions to the sentences

Model: At the age of ten Tsiolkovsky fell seriously ill and became almost deaf. – Did Tsiolkovsky fall seriously ill and become almost deaf at the age of ten?

Did Tsiolkovsky fall seriously ill or become almost deaf at the age of ten?

1. He could not go to school.

1. In his childhood Tsiolkovsky continued to study at home.

2. He constructed a lot of different balloons.

3. At the age of 16 Tsiolkovsky was sent by his father to Moscow.

2. Tsiolkovsky has made a great contribution to the theory of rocket flight.

3. Scientists are still trying to understand the possibilities of rockets.

4. Tsiolkovsky gave cosmonautics its present form.

5. He has become the founder of cosmonautics.

6. This invention can open the road into outer space.

7. Tsiolkovsky was the first man to give scientific basis to the exciting stories of space flight.

7. Put the disjunctive questions to the sentences

Model: This work is interesting. - This work is interesting, isn’t it?

1. That new instrument is very precise.

1. You should help you friend with this experiment.

2. He does not speak German.

3. We could not complete our work.

4. She spoke at the meeting yesterday.

5. The rocket is the fastest form of transportation.

6. Old machines are to be replaced by new ones.

7. Space research has had a great influence on the development of science and engineering.

8. The rockets can carry the satellites to their orbits very quickly.

9. Tsiolkovsky laid the foundation of the theory of rocket motion.

8. Ask questions to which the words in bold type are the answers

1. Salt is split up by melting it. 2. Grinding a rock and hammering metal cause physical changes. 3. Oxygen is necessary to sustain life. 4. Water can be split into "hydrogen and oxygen” by applying electric energy. 5. A mixture of brass and iron can be sorted with a magnet. 6. The investigations of our scientists are very important for the development of industry and agriculture. 7. Chemists have dreamed of extracting gold from sea-water.

9. Speak about the life of K. Tsiolkovsky and his contribution to the theory of rocket flight electric circuits

UNIT5. STATES OF MATTER

1. Memorize the following words:

substance - речовина

mixture – суміш

liquid - рідкий

solid – твердий

gravity - тяжіння

tendency – тенденція, схильність

sufficiently - достатньо

rigid – негнучкий, жорсткий

retain - утримувати

volume – об’єм

moderate – помірний, доступний

container –контейнер, той, що містить

internal - внутрішній

external - зовнішній

particle – частка

2. Read and translate the text:

Substances and mixtures of substances, or matter in general, exist in three states, solid, liquid and gaseous. The same substance may be in any one of the three states, depending on conditions.

What is commonly thought of a solid is a form of matter that is sufficiently hard and rigid to retain its surroundings. If no other force than that of gravity is brought to bear on a solid it shows no tendency to change its dimensions.

True solids are crystals that have a definite internal and external pattern.

A liquid does not change its volume, but it takes the shape of its container. Liquids flow more or less readily, and many of them change rapidly into gases with moderate increase in their temperatures.

Gases fill any container in which they are placed, being readily compressed to smaller volumes, and expanding when pressures are lowered. Gases at ordinary pressures are regarded as being made, up of infinitely small particles called molecules. At the temperatures to which we are accustomed, these molecules are in rapid and continual motion colliding with the walls of the container and with each other. The temperature of a gas is a measure of the intensity of the motion of its molecules.

3. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What three states do substances and mixtures of substances exist?

2. What is commonly thought of a solid?

3. When does a solid show no tendency to change its dimensions?

4. What are true solids?

5. What kind of shape does a liquid take?

6. What kind of shape do gases take?

7. What are the gases made up of?

8. How is the temperature of any gas measured?

4. Form the verbs from the following nouns and use them in sentences

Measure, increase, motion, expansion, collision, mixture, state, change, container

5. Find the adjectives corresponding to the nouns given

Solid, liquid, gas, compression, continuation, volume

6. Ask questions to which the words in bold type are the answers:

1. Substances consist of small particles of matter.

1. A liquid takes the shape of its container.

2. Many liquids change into gases.

3. Molecules are in continual motion.

4. Liquids flow more or less readily.

5. Solids expand on heating.

7. Fill in the proper prepositions

1. Gas is a general term ... one ... the three states ... matter. 2. Like all substances, solids expand ... heating. 3. Gases are readily compressed ... smaller volumes. 4. Many liquids change rapidly ... gas. 5. Molecules are ... continual motion and collide ... the walls ... the container and ... each other. 6. Air is a mixture ... many other gases. 7. A liquid is a substance that flows readily, and takes the shape ... its container, but retains its volume.