4. Answer the following questions:

1. Who was Blaise Pascal?

2. When and where Pascal was born?

3. What fields of science did he get interested in his childhood?

4. Why did Descartes refuse to believe that young Pascal had composed his works himself?

5.What inventions by Pascal do you know?

6. What experiment was shown by Pascal in Paris In 1647?

7. What scientific terms and units have been given the name Pascal?

8. What is Pascal’s contribution to the literature?

5. Change the sentences according to the model. Translate them:

Model: We can see this device in operation.

One can see this device in operation.

1. They can learn this Grammar rule very quickly.

2. You may take the book from the library.

3. I can carry out this experiment.

4. You can understand these methods of producing electricity.

5. Everybody knows that the sun is the source of all energy.

6. You can find a wide application of our technology.

7. We can change water into steam by heating.

8. I can calculate the final result of this research.

9. You should use atomic energy for peaceful purposes.

10. You can cope with this task.

6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the polysemantic word “one”:

1. In literature, Pascal is regarded as one of the most important authors of the French Classical Period.

2. One can see that probability theory today is extremely important in economics, especially in actuarial science.

3. Many up-to-date techniques are now replaced by the new ones.

4. Pascal’s inventions also include the one about the hydraulic press.

5. One must know the principle and value of the barometer.

6. In Canadian an annual math contest one shows his aptitude to mathematics.

7. This invention is one of the greatest of that kind.

7. Read and retell the following text

In ancient times it was discovered that pieces of iron which were rubbed against magnetite also became magnets. Knowledge of the fact that a suspended bar of magnetite will point toward the North Magnetic Pole is also very old. From this fact the ore was called Lodestone or loading stone.

The compass, the first practical use of magnetism, may have been invented by the Chinese as early as 2637 B.C. The first clear meaning of it is found in Chinese literature of the 13th century A.D. The use of the compass for purposes of travel took place among the people of northern Europe at least as early as the 12th century A.D.

8. Speak about life and scientific work of Blaise Pascal

UNIT16. OHM’S LAW

1. Memorize the following words:

enunciation – виклад, формулювання, оголошення

to collaborate – співпрацювати

Munich -Мюнхен

reliable – надійний

ammeter – амперметр

to employ – наймати, вживати, застосовувати

to determine – визначати, вирішувати

conductor - провідник

to collide – стикатися

resistance – опір, протидія

ratio – коефіцієнт

a current –струм

to apply smth – застосовувати, використовувати

a charge – заряд

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary

Physicist, antagonism, ampere, ohm, resistance, conductor, electromotive, battery, generator, university, voltmeter, ammeter, ratio, constant, atomic

3. Read and translate the text:

George Ohm (1787-1854) was a German physicist. His enunciation of the law in 1827 aroused such bitter antagonism, that he lost his position. Years later, when his work was collaborated by other scientists, he was honored a professorship in psychics at the University of Munich. Ohm stated his law having no reliable voltmeters, ammeters, or batteries. He employed thermocouples to generate currents.

What is ohm? Every electrical conductor opposes the passage of electric charges through it. This opposition arises because of moving charges colliding with the atomic nuclei and other particles of the conductor. The moving charges give up energy, which appears as heat. According to Ohm’s law, electrical resistance is the ratio of potential difference to the current for a conductor at a given temperature. The ohm, the practical unit of resistance, is defined in terms of the ampere and the volt, as follows:

One ohm is the resistance of a conductor through which the current is 1 ampere when the potential difference across the ends of the conductor is 1 volt.

The ohm equals one volt per ampere.

This is the well known and fundamental law in electricity which makes it possible to determine the current flowing through a circuit when the resistance in the circuit and the potential difference applied to it are known. What Ohm discovered was that the ratio of the potential difference between the ends of a metallic conductor and the current flowing through the metallic conductor is constant.

Although electromotive force and potential difference are both measured in volts there is a real distinction between them. Electromotive force is defined as the work per unit charge done by the battery or generator on the charges in moving them around the circuit. Potential difference between two points is defined as the work per unit charge done by the charges in moving from one point to the other.

Using Ohm’s law is of great importance because of its being generally applied to so many electrical phenomena.