Answer the following questions:

1. What can you say about further development of radio in 19^th century?

2. What kind of experiments did Popov conduct?

3. What was Jagdish Chandra Bose’s contribution to the demonstration of the work of radio waves?

4. What is Guglielmo Marconi known for?

5. Was Marconi aware of the works of Nikola Tesla in the United States?

6. Were Marconi's numerous other radio patents supported by US Supreme Court?

7. What was Tesla’s main demonstration that influenced the works of the other scientists?

13. André Marie Ampère

Ampère was born on the 20^th of January 1775 in Lyon, France, and lived from 1775 to 1796 nearby Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or. His father began to teach him Latin, until he discovered the boy's preference and aptitude for mathematical studies. The young Ampère, however, soon resumed his Latin lessons, to enable him to master the works of Euler and Bernoulli. In later life he used to claim that he knew as much about mathematics and science when he was eighteen as ever he knew; but, a polymath, his reading embraced nearly the whole round of knowledge—history, travels, poetry, philosophy and the natural sciences.

During the revolution his father stayed at Lyons expecting to be safer in the city. Nevertheless, after the revolutionaries had taken the city he fell a victim and was executed. This death was a great shock to Ampère. In 1796 he met Julie Carron, the daughter of a blacksmith living near Lyon, and in 1799 they were married. From about 1796 Ampère gave private lessons at Lyon in mathematics, chemistry and languages. In 1804 Ampère was appointed professor of mathematics at the lyceum of Lyon. Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre's recommendation obtained for him the Lyon appointment and afterwards, in 1805, a minor position in the polytechnic school at Paris, where he was appointed professor of mathematics in 1809. Here he continued to pursue his scientific research and his diverse studies with unabated diligence. He was admitted as a member of the Institute in 1814. Ampère's fame mainly rests on the fact that he rendered to science in establishing the relations between electricity and magnetism, and in developing the science of electromagnetism, or, as he called it, electrodynamics. In September, 1820 he heard of a discovery that a magnetic needle is acted on by a voltaic current. Later he presented a paper to the Academy containing a far more complete exposition of those phenomena. On the same day Ampère also demonstrated before the Academy that parallel wires carrying currents attract or repel each other (depending on whether currents are in the same (attraction) or in opposite directions (repulsion)). This laid the foundation of the science of electrodynamics.

The field of electromagnetism thus opened up, he explored with characteristic industry and care, and developed a mathematical theory which not only explained the electromagnetic phenomena already observed, but also predicted many new ones. Ampère's final work, published posthumously, was an essay on the philosophy of science or analytical exposition on the natural classification of human knowledge. Ampère died at Marseille and is buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre, Paris. The great amiability and childlike simplicity of his character are well brought out in his Journal et correspondence in Paris in 1872.