2. Answer the following questions:

1. What other kinds of metal will a magnet 'attract?

2. What are the two ends of a magnet called?

3. How do the poles of a magnet always react?

4. What is there around each magnet?

5. What will iron filings sprinkled on a paper covering a magnet show?

6. What will happen if a magnet is hanging so that it can-swing freely?

7. Why does the needle in a compass point north and south?

8. How can a magnet be made out of a piece of iron?

9. Will a steel needle keep its magnetism for a long or short time?

10. What alloys are the strongest magnets made from?

3. Choose the right variant:

1. We found out that a magnet … attract a few other kinds of metal.

a) can b) could c) may d) must

2. Our teacher said that all magnets … poles.

a) have b)has c) will have d) had

3. He said he …this experiment for two weeks.

a) does b) was doing c) did d)has done

4. Volta discovered the battery … of two electrodes.

a) consist b) consisted c)consists d) has consisted

5. You’ll understand the rule, if you … to the teacher.

a) will listen b) listen c) listens d) listened

6. He … more about magnetism if he learned the works of famous scientists.

a) know b) knows c) will know d) would know

7. An iron bolt will lose its magnetism if it … into a magnet.

a) have been made b) has been made c) made d) was made

8. If a magnet is hanging so that it can swing freely, it … until the N pole points toward the North Magnetic.

a) turn b) turns c) will turn d) would turn

9. … can carry out this experiment at the laboratory.

a) one b) any c) ones d) none

10. When all or most of these particles go in the same direction, the whole bar … a magnet.

a) become b) becomes c) became d) has become

Unit15. Blaise pascal

1. Memorize the following words:

prodigy – диво

to clarify – виявляти, робити ясним

vacuum – порожнеча, порожнина

pressure – тиск

significant – значущий

surface – поверхня

probability – вірогідність

to cause – спричиняти

aptitude – здатність (до)

treatise – трактат

precocious – розвинений

proof – доказ

triangle – трикутник

manuscript– рукопис

hydraulic – гідравлічний

to multiply – множити

liquid – рідина

to hail – привітати, сипатися (градом)

to sustain – підтримувати

coherent – зв’язаний

ailment – хвороба

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary

Mathematician, physicist, religious, philosopher, natural, construction, mechanical, calculator, method, vacuum, geometry, economics, social, dispute, cycloid, manuscript, tabular, presentation, binomial, coefficient, hydrodynamics, hydrostatics, principles, hydraulic, barometer, theological, examination, epitaph, ascetic, satire, polemicists, rationalism

3. Read and translate the text:

Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a civil servant. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the construction of mechanical calculators, the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum. Pascal was a mathematician of the first order. He helped to create two major new areas of research. He wrote a significant work on the subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen, and later got interested in probability theory, describing the influence of the development of modern economics and social science. His results caused many disputes. Between 1658 and 1659 he wrote on the cycloid and its use in calculating the volume of solids. Pascal was in poor health throughout his life and his death came just two months after his 39th birthday.

Born in 1623 in Clermont, France, Blaise Pascal lost his mother at the age of three. His father, Étienne Pascal, was a local judge and also had an interest in science and mathematics.

In 1631 the family moved to Paris. The young Pascal showed an amazing aptitude for mathematics and science. At the age of eleven, he composed a short treatise on the sounds of vibrating bodies, another work of the young Pascal was about the angles of a triangle. Pascal's work was so precocious that Descartes, when shown the manuscript, refused to believe that the composition was not by the elder Pascal.

In 1642 Pascal, not yet nineteen, constructed a mechanical calculator capable of addition and subtraction, called Pascal's calculator or the Pascaline.

Pascal continued to influence mathematics throughout his life. In 1653, Pascal described a convenient tabular presentation for binomial coefficients, now called Pascal's triangle.

Pascal worked a lot in the fields of the study of hydrodynamics and hydrostatics centred on the principles of hydraulic fluids. His inventions include the hydraulic press (using hydraulic pressure to multiply force) and the syringe.

In 1647 Pascal produced "New Experiments with the Vacuum", which detailed basic rules describing to what degree various liquids could be supported by air pressure. He demonstated the experiment in Paris by carrying a barometer up to the top of the bell tower at the church, a height of about fifty meters. The mercury dropped two lines. These, and other lesser experiments carried out by Pascal established the principle and value of the barometer.

His insistence on the existence of the vacuum also led to conflict with other prominent scientists, including Descartes.

From as early as his eighteenth year, Pascal suffered from a nervous ailment that left him hardly a day without pain. In 1647, a paralytic attack so disabled him that he could not move without crutches.

In 1659, Pascal, whose health had never been good, fell seriously ill. In 1662, Pascal's illness became more violent. Aware that his health was fading quickly, he sought a move to the hospital for incurable diseases, but his doctors declared that he was too unstable to be carried. He died in Paris in August, 1662. Pascal's ascetic lifestyle derived from a belief that it was natural and necessary for man to suffer.

In honour of his scientific contributions, the name Pascal has been given to the unit of pressure, to a programming language, and Pascal's law (an important principle of hydrostatics), and as mentioned above, Pascal's triangle and Pascal's wager still bear his name. Pascal's development of probability theory was his most influential contribution to mathematics. Originally applied to gambling, today it is extremely important in economics, especially in actuarial science. In Canada, there is an annual math contest named in his honour. The Pascal Contest is open to any student in Canada who is fourteen years or under and is in grade nine or lower.

In literature, Pascal is regarded as one of the most important authors of the French Classical Period and is read today as one of the greatest masters of French prose. His use of satire and wit influenced later polemicists. The content of his literary work is best remembered for its strong opposition to the rationalism of René Descartes.