4. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What was Einstein?

2. When and where was he born?

3. What discoveries did Einstein make in 1905?

4. In what equation did he express his theory of relativity?

5. Did many scientists of that time understand the importance of his discovery?

6. What theory was the result of his 35 year work?

7. What prize did Einstein get in 1922?

8. How did his ideas influence on the development of science?

5. Put a special question to the each sentence

1. Einstein got the Nobel Prize in physics in 1922 (who). 2. The theory of relativity had great importance for physicists (what). 3. We shall have a new scientific laboratory in a month or two (who). 4. These new machines produce very good products (what). 5. Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by means of Planck's quantum theory (how). 6. He presented his paper on special theory of relativity to a physical journal (where). 7. Einstein showed his pen when somebody wanted to see his laboratory instruments (when). 8. The great scien­tist always answered all students' questions, for there were no foolish or simple questions for him (why).

6. Put the verbs given in brackets in Indefinite (Present, Past, Future)

1. Albert Einstein (to be) born in 1879 in Germany. "When he was 12, he (to begin) his study of mathematics and physics. Later he (to continue) his studies at the Uni­versity. 2. Einstein (to present) his theory of relativity in 1905. His famous equation (to say) that energy (to equal) mass times the square of the speed of light. The great discov­ery (to surprise) the scientists of the world. 3. The people of our great country (to produce) many geniuses such as Lomonosov, Mendeleyev, Lobachevsky and others. Now our country (to have) a great number of brilliant scientists in all fields of science. Soviet scientists (to make) researches in all fields of knowledge. 4. Your experiment (not to give) good results until you (to change) the speed of the reaction. 5. Any square (to have) four right angles. 6. The square of two (to be) four.

7. Say if this statements are true or false. Use the model: “I agree..”, “ I don’t agree..”, “To my mind..”, “According to the text..”

1. Albert Einstein was a famous physicist of the 20-th century. 2. He took special ineterst in mathematics and physics. 3. For a few years Einstein lived in London and taught physics in the university. 4. In 1905 he made a number of scientific discoveries. 5.His idea impressed every scientist of that time. 6. In 1920 Einstein got the Nobel Prize. 7. Nowadays every student knows the theory of relativity. 8. Einstein devoted his life to science.

8. Speak about Albert Einstein’s biography

UNIT12. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

1.Memorize the following words:

concept - поняття, ідея

electric current – електричний струм

charge – заряд

to drift – зміщати, зміщатися

maintain – підтримувати, зберігати

wire - дріт

source - джерело

to urge – підганяти, примушувати, переконувати

a circuit - ланцюг

avoid – уникати, остерігатися

confusion – безлад, плутанина

to distinguish - розрізняти

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary

Electric, generator, potential, electron, battery, electrostatic, positive, negative, terminal, conductor, electricity, resistance, system, crystal, special, thermal, typical, thermometer, technological

3. Read and translate the text:

The concepts of electric charge and potential are also essential in the study of electric currents, when an extended conductor has different potentials at its ends, the free electrons of the conductor itself are caused to drift from one end to the other. In order for this flow to continue, it is necessary that the potential difference be maintained by some electrical source, such as an electrostatic generator, or, much more frequently, a battery or a direct-current generator. The wire and the electrical source together form an electric circuit, the electrons drifting around it as long as the conducting path is maintained. In effect such a flow of electrons constitutes an electric current.

Batteries and direct-current generators are sources of potential difference which urge the electrons around a circuit continually in one direction, producing a unidirectional current. For this reason such a source is said to have a fixed polarity, one terminal being called positive and the other negative. If it is desired to reverse the flow, then the terminals of the circuit must be reversed with respect to the source.

From the early days of electrical science, current has been regarded as a flow of electricity from the positive terminal to the negative one in the external circuit connected to a source. Now we know a current through a conductor to be actually a motion of electrons, and since these have negative charges, they travel around the external circuit from the negative terminal to the positive terminal. The electron flow is, therefore, opposite to the conventional direction of current, making it necessary, in order to avoid confusion, to distinguish one from another by name.