- •Unit 3 fiscal management
- •Financial policy. Fiscal sphere
- •Effective fiscal policy
- •Think of the verbs that are most commonly used with these nouns:
- •Write down 3-5 questions about the texts.
- •Compare the problems the two countries are trying to solve. A) Financial Policy
- •Focus on Fiscal Consolidation
- •Read and discuss the texts.
- •Write down five questions about each text.
- •A) Multiyear Budgeting
- •B) Types of Budget Classification
- •B) On Macro- and Microeconomics
- •In order to get prepared for participation in the discussion of the questions, write a short essay on the following:
- •Balance of Payments
- •Transition Economies Need to Reform Social Safety Nets
- •Decentralizing Fiscal Systems in Transition Economies
Decentralizing Fiscal Systems in Transition Economies
Since 1989, extensive political and fiscal decentralization has been under way in almost all countries in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, Ukraine and the other countries of the former Soviet Union. The trend toward fiscal decentralization and the transfer of some revenue-raising and expenditure authority from central to lower-level and subnational governments is, in part, a political reaction from below against the long years of extensive central control. Its economic motivation relates, on the one hand, to efforts by the center to ease its own strained finances by reducing transfers and shifting spending responsibilites and, on the other hand, to a widespread recognition that public funds need to be used more efficiently.
Since the transition, "local self-government" legislation has been enacted in virtually every former centrally planned economy in the region, giving subnational governments major responsibilities for expenditures in key areas. However, the new legislation in these countries has generally not assigned clear responsibility to different levels of government for particular expenditures. Efforts to ease fiscal strains at the center seem to have shifted important spending responsibilities to subnational governments without sufficiently expanding their revenue sources. Recent legislation in Hungary and Poland, for example, has given local governments expenditure responsibilities in education, transportation the environment, and housing without including specific plans for how they will be financed.
This shift in expenditure responsibilities, however, has created serious budget pressures for subnational governments, risking the crowding out of important expenditures, including those for health care and education.
The transition economies are in the midst of decentralizing their fiscal systems. But it is obvious even at this stage that the fiscal reforms should include increasing subnational governments' own revenue sources, assigning them the necessary tax instruments, and designing transfers and sharing arrangements that can provide them adequate revenues to meet their spending needs. Each level of government must know what its fiscal responsibilities are. Well designed decentralization policies will help improve the lives of those undergoing one of the major upheavals of our time - the move from a command to a market economy.
Words you may need:
Англійський |
Російський |
Український |
decentralize |
децентрализировать |
децентралізувати |
to be under way |
быть в процессе осуществления |
бути у процесі здійснення |
from below |
снизу |
знизу |
ease |
облегчать |
полегшувати |
strained |
напряженный |
напружений |
self government |
самоупрвление |
самоврядування |
assign |
передавать |
передавати |
upheaval |
переворот |
переворот |