- •Нижегородский государственный лингвистический университет им. Н. А. Добролюбова
- •Contents
- •Lexicology as a branch of Linguistics
- •Lexicography
- •The Oxford English Dictionary and Other Historical Dictionaries
- •Antonymic Dictionaries
- •Orthographic Dictionaries
- •The Problem of Definitions
- •A Survey of Current Works on English and American Lexicography in This Country
- •Etymology
- •Etymological Doublets
- •International Words
- •A Contribution of Borrowed Elements into English
- •Celtic Elements in English
- •Latin Borrowings in English
- •The Development of Latin English
- •Greek Element in English
- •Scandinavian Element
- •A Selection of Scandinavian Loanwords in English
- •The Relation of Borrowed and Native Words
- •French Element
- •Army and Navy
- •Fashions, Meals, and Social Life
- •Anglo-Norman and Central French
- •The Contribution to the English Vocabulary from Italian
- •Spanish Element in the English Vocabulary
- •Arabic Words in English
- •German Borrowings in English
- •Russian Borrowings
- •Borrowings from Indian, Chinese, Japanese and Other Languages
- •Hebrew Words in English
- •International Words
- •Folk Etymology
- •Morphological structure of english words
- •Structural Types of English Words
- •Derivational and Functional Affixes
- •Word-building in English
- •The Historical Development of Compounds
- •Classification of Compounds
- •Specific Features of English Compounds
- •Semantic Relationships in Converted Pairs
- •Back-Formation or Reversion
- •Shortening (Clipping or Curtailment)
- •Graphical Abbreviations. Acronyms
- •Blending
- •Onomatopoeia
- •Sound Interchange
- •Distinctive Stress
- •Semasiology
- •Topological Kinds of Polysemy Fellow
- •SynonyMs
- •Sources of Synonyms
- •AntonyMs
- •Homonyms
- •The Origin of Homonyms
- •Polysemy and Homonymy
- •Phraseology
- •Native phraseological units are connected with English customs, traditions, national realia, historical facts:
- •Phraseological Units connected with English realia:
- •Phraseological units connected with the names and nicknames of English kings, queens, scholars, eminent writers, public leaders, etc.
- •Phraseological units connected with historic facts:
- •Shakespearisms constitute more than 100 phraseological units in English:
- •Such great English writers as Jeoffrey Chaucer, John Milton, Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Charles Dickens and Walter Scott contributed greatly to the stock of phraseologisms:
- •Bibleisms represent borrowings which are fully assimilated:
- •Phraseological Borrowings:
- •Phraseological units belonging to ae are the so-called inner borrowings:
- •Similarity and Difference between a Set-Expression and a Word
- •Replenishment of the vocabulary
- •Social Factors and Neologisms
- •Obsolete Words
- •American english
- •The Main Difference between be and ae.
- •British and American Correspondences
- •American School Vocabulary
- •Марина Серафимовна Ретунская Основы Английской лексикологии курс лекций
Blending
has always been the object of special attention and received different names: blends, fusions, telescoping, portmanteau words, contamination. Blends are words that combine two words including sometimes letters or sounds in common as a connecting element. In such a word the final part of the first IC may be missing and the second constituent is presented by a stem of which the initial part is missing:
motel – motor + hotel, cinemactress – cinema + actress,
fruice – fruite + juice, smog – smoke + fog.
The word snob which is defined in modern dictionaries as a person who pays too much respect to social position or wealth, or who despises persons of lower social position. It originates from sine nobilitate, written after a name in the registry of fashionable English schools (Iton, Harrow, etc.) to indicate that the bearer did not belong to nobility. The word was introduced to the literary tradition by W.M. Thackeray.
There are two types of blends: the additive and the restrictive. In the first type the components are synonymous and complete each other: brunch = breakfast + lunch, tranceiver = transmitter and receiver. In the second type the first element modifies the second: positrone = positive + electrone.
Blends play a considerable role in building neologisms, thus they constitute 4,8 % of new words in the Barnhart dictionary Ist.-ed, 8 % - in the II-nd edition. The most productive is final clipping of the 1-st component:
Europlug – European plug – электровилка, применяемая во всех странах Европы; cigaretiquette – cigarette + etiquette; workaholic – work + alcoholic – трудоголик; kidvid = kid + video – детские телевизионные программы; disohol = diesel + alcohol – смесь дизельного топлива и этилового спирта; slimnastics = slim + gymnastics.
Blends reflect the tendency towards univerbalization and rationalization of the language, their motivation is not always clear; they are domineering in advertising, mass media, colloquial speech, trade and marketing.
Adidas = Adi + Dassler – основатель компании
dancercise = dance + exercise
jazzercise = jazz + exercise.
Other examples are:
cottoncracy, cottonopolis, porkopolis, churchianity, anonymuncul, subtopia, dixiecrat, wegotism, Trumanburger.
Onomatopoeia
(sound imitation)
When we speak of motivated words in English first of all we mention words motivated with reference to extra-linguistic reality i.e. those which reflect natural sounds: ding, bang, babble, moo, crash, etc. We name an action or a thing by reproducing a sound associated with it (these are not real sounds – different languages have different sounds to represent reality: чирикать – churrup, twitter (E), pépier (F), zwitschern (G).
It is possible to distinguish onomatopoeic words into those produced by human-beings for expressing feelings: giggle, grunt, whisper, chatter, those, produced by animals, birds and insect: buzz, cuckoo, new, roar, hiss, honk, those imitating sounds of nature and the objects of the sounding world: whip, splash, tinkle, buzz, crash. Very often onomatopoeic words develop transferred meanings; thus roar can be applied to a loud-mouthed person, whine is not only a long complaining cry or a high-pitched sound made by a miserable dog but also a human complaint esp. about trivial things. The metaphorical possibilities here are unbounded.