Формы герундия

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

Форма Indefinite Gerund передает действие одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого:

He avoided making the same mistake again. Он избегал делать одну и ту же ошибку.

Форма Perfect Gerund передает действие, которое произошло ранее действия, выраженного глаголом-сказуемым:

He admitted having made the mistake. Он признал, что сделал эту ошибку.

NOTE: Предшествующее действие не всегда выражается формой Perfect Gerund. В отдельных случаях, а именно: после глаголов: remember, excuse, forgive, thank, а также после предлогов: on (upon), after, without предшествующее действие может быть передано формой Indefinite Gerund.

I don’t remember hearing his name before. On coming home he started doing his homework.

Я не помню, что слышал его имя раньше. После того, как он пришел домой, он начал делать уроки.

Как показано в таблице, герундий имеет формы Активного и Пассивного залогов. После глаголов to want, to need, to deserve, to require, а также выражения to be worth используется форма Active Indefinite Gerund, хотя передается пассивное значение.

This book is worth reading. Эта книга стоит того, чтобы ее прочитали.

Использование Герундия/ The Use of the Gerund/

В современном английском языке герундий всегда используется после следующих глаголов и выражений:

I. глаголов с послелогами:							They succeeded in achieving good results. Thank you for inviting me. I apologize for coming late. Can you stop him from getting into trouble? Forgive me for being so rude. I object to his participating in the project.
accuse of apologize for approve of blame smb for forgive for congratulate on count on depend on hear of insist on				object to persist in prevent from result in stop from succeed in think of thank for inform of
II. существительных с предлогами:							There are different ways of solving this problem. Do you have any reason for saying such a thing? There is no chance of curing this animal. I have no experience in vaccinating animals.
chance of difficulty in experience in idea of interest in habit of plan for			opportunity of importance of reason for sense of way of means of point in
III. фразовых глаголов:							She gave up smoking several years ago. She kept on interrupting me while I was speaking.
give up go on put off		keep on burst out leave off
IV. после глаголов:							Would you mind closing the door? You can hardly avoid meeting her. My work involves treating animals. He denied having seen him before. He finished making his report.
avoid consider delay deny escape excuse fancy finish forgive include report	involve justify mind miss postpone practice recall recollect resent risk anticipate (foresee)
V. после выражений:							I couldn’t help laughing. He is interested in developing the project. He was surprised at having been asked about it. He was proud of having won the Nobel Prize. It’s no use worrying about it.
be afraid of be aware of be fond of be good/clever at have difficulty in be sorry for be grateful for be sure of be responsible for					be used to it is no good can’t help be guilty of be interested in be proud of be worried about it is no use feel like be surprised at
VI. после предлогов:							Before going to bed she locked the door. He went to the Academy in spite of being ill. Instead of doing his homework he started watching TV. After graduating from the Veterinary Academy, he started working in one of the vet clinics.
after before besides instead of					in spite of on without by

NB: Есть несколько глаголов, после которых может употребляться как герундий, так и that clause (придаточное дополнительное предложение, которое начинается с союза that)

Verb	Gerund	THAT-clause
1.admit –признавать, допускать	He admitted having seen him.	He admitted that he had seen him.
2.report-сообщать	He reported having made a discovery.	He reported that he had made a discovery.
3.deny-отрицать	He denied having said that.	He denied that he had said that.
4.suggest-предлагать	He suggested going home.	He suggested that they should go home.
5.acknowledge-допускать, признавать	He acknowledged having made a mistake.	He acknowledged that he had made a mistake.
6.anticipate, foresee-ожидать, предвидеть	We didn’t anticipate making such a progress.	We didn’t anticipate that we would make such a progress.
7.imagine- воображать	I can’t imagine going there.	I can’t imagine that I’ll go there.

После ряда указанных глаголов и выражений, а именно: to be afraid, to begin, to continue, to forget, to hate, to like (to dislike), to prefer, to remember, to start, to stop возможно употребление как герундия, так и инфинитива.

She continued to look at me. She continued looking at me.

При этом, может быть разница в значении. Так, герундий используется для констатации общего факта – I don’t like interrupting people. Я не люблю прерывать людей (вообще). А инфинитив используется для передачи конкретного действия: I don’t like to interrupt him, he seems very busy. Мне не хочется прерывать его (сейчас), кажется, он очень занят.

Don’t forget shutting the window when you leave home.	Не забывайте закрывать окна, когда уходите из дому (вообще)
Don’t forget to shut the window when you leave home.	Не забудьте закрыть окно, когда будете выходить из дому.(сейчас)

На русский язык герундий может переводиться разными способами:

1) существительным Reading is my hobby.	Чтение – мое хобби.
2) инфинитивом She had breakfast before leaving for the Academy.	Она позавтракала перед тем, как уйти в Академию.
3) деепричастием He went away without waiting for her answer.	Он вышел, не дожидаясь ее ответа.
4) придаточным предложением He regretted having done that.	Он сожалел, что сделал это.

При этом надо отметить, что пассивные формы герундия практически всегда переводятся придаточным предложением.

After having been informed of the conference, he immediately decided to participate in it. После того, как ему сообщили о конференции, он сразу же решил принять в ней участие.

NB ! В связи с тем, что формы герундия практически совпадают с формами причастия, возникает вопрос, как отличить причастие от герундия? В большинстве случаев это не составляет труда, при этом надо помнить, что в отличие от причастия, перед герундием может быть предлог, герундий может определяться существительным в притяжательном падеже (Possessive Case)или притяжательным местоимением. Кроме этого, герундий в отличие от причастия может выступать в функции подлежащего, дополнения и именной части сказуемого. Сложность разграничения герундия и причастия может возникнуть при употреблении причастия в функции определения к существительному и герундия как части сложного существительного, например, a dancing child – a dancing hall. При этом следует иметь в виду, что в случае причастия в качестве определения к существительному, это существительное обозначает субъект/объект, совершающий действие a dancing girl. Если же мы имеем герундий в качестве части сложного существительного, то это существительное не обозначает субъект /объект, совершающий действие: a dancing hall (a hall for dancing); writing table (table for writing); walking shoes (shoes for walking).

EXERCICES

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1. Does your work involve meeting a lot of people? 2. I considered taking the job in the veterinary clinic but in the end I decided against it. 3. Tom left without finishing his work. 4. Do you think this book is worth reading? 5. My job is treating animals. 6. I don’t enjoy writing essays. 7. Rector thanked everyone for taking part in the conference. 8. Could you, please, stop making such noise? 9. I don’t feel like watching TV. 10. I insist on your participating in the project. 10. He talked without stopping. 11. Have you finished writing? 12. Thank you for coming. 13. He was fond of reading. 14. It looks like raining. 15. This article is worth discussing.

Exercise 2. Supply the Gerund forms for the words in brackets.

1. My supervisor insisted on (to check) the results of the experiment. 2. He didn’t object to (to examine). 3. She left without (to finish) the discussion. 4. Don’t forget to lock the door before (to go) to bed. 5. I think I’m capable of (to do) this work on my own. 6. She is busy (to do) her homework. 7. I’m still hungry in spite of (to eat) four sandwiches. 8. Please go on (to write), I don’t mind (to wait).

Exercise 3. Define the –ing-form as the Gerund or the Participle

1. She left the room without saying a word.2. We had the pleasure of listening to your lecture. 3. John likes studying biology.4. You can learn the meaning of new words by looking them up in the dictionary. 5. Returning home after a good holiday is always pleasant. 6. Being frightened by the dog, the cat climbed up the high fence. 7. My greatest pleasure is travelling. 8. Watching the playing kittens was fun. 9. Growing roses takes a lot of care and attention. 10. I don’t feel like reading.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Gerund.

1. Different ways of grouping patients are suitable for solving various problems. 2. How can I avoid getting heart disease? 3. Healthy eating doesn’t mean eating less of everything. Eating well means eating less fat. 4. Try drinking your tea or coffee without sugar. 5. On examining the animal the surgeon decided to perform the operation. 6. On being told the bad news she turned pale. 7. My friend succeeded in translating this difficult text.

Exercise 5. Finish the sentences, using the Gerund according to the model.

Model:

I know the way (to do it). I know the way of doing it.

1. He never thought of … (to become a surgeon). 2. The doctor insisted on … (to double the dose). 3. Who is responsible for … (to feed the animals)? 4. She recognizes the importance of … (to check the data). 5. They think it is a possible way of …(to save the animal). 6. He succeeded in … (to pass the exam). 7. I don’t like the habit of … (to come late). 8. Let us talk. You are tired of …(to read).

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences. Find the Gerund.

1. To avoid spreading viruses to family members, you should stay in your room. 2. Feeding animals a low phosphorate diet reduces responsiveness to this medicine. 3. We succeeded in eliminating this infection. 5. A more sophisticated model involves the cat’s pressing a lever (рычаг) and receiving a bolus (комочек) of drug-containing substance. 6. After being corrected by the teacher, the students’ papers were returned to them.

Exercise 7. Replace “that-clause” by the Gerund. Use the preposition where necessary.

Model:

She thought that she would go the country for the week-end. She thought of going to the country for the week-end.

1. The physician remembered that he had treated such a case of bronchitis. 2. I thought that I would work in the library this evening. 3. I suggest that we should make this presentation together. 4. They gave up the idea that they would make a discovery. 5. I thought that I would come and see you tomorrow.

Exercise 8. Open the brackets using the active or the passive form of the Gerund. Translate the sentences. Point out the difference in the translation of active and passive forms.

Model:

He likes reading. Он любит читать. He likes being read to. Он любит, когда ему читают.

1. Why do you avoid (to speak) to me? 2. She tried to avoid (to speak) to. 3. The doctor insisted on (to send) the sick man to the hospital. 4. The child insisted on (to send) home. 5. Do you mind his (to examine) by a heart specialist? 6. Do you mind my (to examine) the patient? 7. He had a bad habit of (to interrupt) other people. 8. I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment.

Exercise 9. Replace a clause in bold type by the Gerund. Use the appropriate prepositions where necessary.

1. Do you mind if I open the window? 2. My teacher insisted that I should attend classes regularly. 3. I remember that I have seen this book somewhere. 4. Thank you that you did it. 5. Will you object if I close the door?

Exercise 10. Replace a clause in bold type by the Gerund. Use the appropriate prepositions where necessary.

Model:

When he left school, he entered the Veterinary Academy. After leaving school, he entered the Veterinary Academy.

1. When he graduated from Harvard University, he returned to Russia. 2. The patient felt much better after he had been given a proper treatment. 3. The students were afraid that they would be late for the class. 4. Before I left the classroom, I was approached by a student who asked me to help him. 5. The new medicine may be recommended only after it is approved by the Ministry for Healthcare. 6. My mother insisted that I should enter the Academy of Veterinary Medicine.

Exercise 11. Choose the appropriate form of the Gerund from those given in the brackets. Translate the sentences.

1. The results of the treatment of the patient depend on his … in time.

a) having been operated on;

b) being operated on;

b) having operated on

c) operating

2. The patient felt much better after … a proper treatment.

a) having given

b)having been given

c) giving;

d) being given

Exercise 12. Define the ing-form as the Gerund or the Participle.

1. We all listened to the speaker criticizing the new method. 2. Criticizing the work of our laboratory, he said that it was unsatisfactory. 3. I have no objection to your criticizing me. 4. When we entered the classroom we saw our students writing a test. 5. Do you mind my using your pen? 6. She could retell the English story she had read without looking into the book. 7. When writing a book he discovered many interesting facts. 8. They ran home quickly protecting themselves from the rain by walking under the trees. 9. He stopped writing and looked around. 10. Playing volleyball is a very popular sport.