UNIT I

Grammar focus

All tenses compared

Active Voice (действительный залог)
Indefinite		Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Констатация факта		Процесс	Завершённость	Процесс в течение некоторого периода времени
Present	V, V-s I write Я пишу (часто)	am is V-ing are I am writing Я пишу (сейчас)	have ed V has III I have written Я написал (уже, только что)	have been V-ing has I have been writing Я пишу (уже час; с двух часов)
Past	ed V II I wrote Я писал (вчера; два дня тому назад)	was V-ing were I was writing Я писал (вчера в два часа; когда он вошёл)	ed had V III I had written Я написал (вчера к трём часам; до того, как он пришёл)	had been V-ing I had been writing Я писал (уже два часа, когда он пришёл)
Future	will V I will write Я буду писать (завтра)	will be V-ing I will be writing Я буду писать (завтра в три часа)	ed will have V III I will have written Я напишу (завтра к трём часам)	will have been V-ing I will have been writing Я буду писать (завтра в течение трех часов, когда он придёт)

Действительный залог показывает, что действие производит подлежащее.

Пример: She was reading the book the whole evening yesterday.

Она читала книгу весь вечер вчера.

Test 1

I. In every sentence given below define the predicate. Translate these sentences:

1. The contacts of our scientists with their colleges in other countries are steadily growing.

a) are; b) are growing; c) are steadily growing;

2. Our scientists has been investigating this important problem for five years now.

a) has been investigating; b) investigating; c) has been;

3. I didn’t think to have many mistakes in the test was good for a first year student.

a) didn’t; b) think; c) didn’t think;

4. We have read much special literature about our speciality.

a) have; b) have read; c) read;

5. The dogs are used on the border.

a) are; b) used; c) are used;

6. Builders will have constructed the new building of ice palace by the end of next year.

a) will; b) have constructed; c) will have constructed;

7. This scientist’s works and his ideas have become the basis of our theoretical investigation.

a) works; b) have; c) have become;

8. When heated to the boiling point water evaporates.

a) heated; b) boiling; c) evaporates;

9. Unless tested the machine must not be put into operation.

a) put; b) tested; c) must not be put;

10. Debt is the worst kind of poverty.

a) is; b) is the worst; c) is the kind;

11. Some of the questions put to the professor yesterday were very important.

a) put; b) were; c) were important;

12. His lectures are always followed by heated discussions.

a) are always followed; b) are followed; c) heated;

13. The results obtained disagreed with earlier data reported by an unknown scientist.

a) obtained; b) disagreed; c) reported;

14. The analysed results were compared with the data obtained earlier.

a) analysed; b) were compared; c) obtained;

15. Automatized information processing radically modified the method devised.

a) automatized; b) processing; c) modified.