Контрольное задание №2
Для правильного выполнения задания №2 необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:
1. Видо-временные формы глагола: а) активный залог – формы времен Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect (Present, Past, Future); б) пассивный залог – формы времени Indefinite (Present, Past, Future).
2. Модальные глаголы: а) выражающие возможность саn (could), may и их эквиваленты (эквивалент глагола саn – to be able to и эквивалент глагола may – to be allowed to); б) выражающие долженствование: must и его эквиваленты to have to, to be to; should, ought to.
3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Gerund – герундий – простые формы.
4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения; придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.
5. Интернациональные слова.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (к упр. I)
1. Lobachevsky's geometry had revolutionized mathematics and the philosophy of science
Геометрия Лобачевского произвела коренные изменения в математике и философии науки.
had revolutionized – Past Perfect Active от глагола to revolutionize.
2. The new laboratory equipment was sent for yesterday
Вчера послали за новым оборудованием лаборатории.
was sent for – Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to send.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (к упр. II)
1. The changes affecting the composition of materials are called chemical changes.
Изменения, влияющие на состав материалов, называются химическими изменениями.
Affecting – Participle 1, определение.
2. When heated to the boiling point water evaporates.
Когда воду нагревают до точки кипения, она испаряется (или: При
нагревании до точки кипения вода испаряется.)
(When) heated – Participle II, обстоятельство.
3. Heat is radiated by the Sun to the Earth
Тепло излучается Солнцем на Землю.
Radiated – Participle II, составная часть видо-временной формы Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to radiate.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2
ВАРИАНТ 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите вниманий на перевод пассивных конструкций.
1. Scientists are studying the currents of the Black sea.
2. The light has just changed from green to red.
3. Stephenson's engine was invented in the first part of the 19th Century.
4. The telegram will be sent tomorrow.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обcтоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Предложения переведите.
1. Тhе given explanation was not complete.
2. The voices coming through the open window were very loud.
3. When burnt coal produces heat.
4. When writing a telegram we must use as few words as possible.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. I shall have to take a train.
2. The object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.
3. I can translate this text without a dictionary.
4. You should follow all the important scientific researches in your field.
IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
GEORGE STEPENSON
1. George Stephenson was born in a cottage in the village of Wylam, in a coal-mining district in the North of England.
2. His father worked in a coal mine and earned very small wages. He could not afford to send his children to school and (hey had to begin to work as soon as possible.
3. George often carried his father's dinner to the pit where he watched the steam pump at work.
4. George liked to make things with his hands. When he was fourteen he assisted his father in the mine and was able to watch more closely the working of the steam pump. At the age of seventeen he was made an engine-man and was in charge of a steam pump. When he was nineteen George determined to learn to read and write so that he could learn more about steam engines than he was able to find out by watching them at work. He learned quickly and was soon able to read about the work of James Watt and other inventors. He then began to think out his plan for making a travelling engine.
5. After a careful and patient work he succeeded in making his first engine and he found that it worked better than any other engine.
6. In his own mind Stephenson was sure that in future the travelling engine must become the chief means by which not only coal but also passengers can be carried about the country.
7. Although at first people were against a railway engine, at last Parliament gave permission to build a railway from Darlington to Stockton. After many difficulties the Stockton and Darlington railway was ready for use, and a great crowd of people came to watch the opening of die first railway line.
8. George Stephenson drove the engine at twelve miles an hour and the train reached Stockton safely in three hours. This first passenger train has proved the truth of Stephenson's belief.
9. Some years later Stephenson made a new railway engine with which he won a prize in a contest with three other engines. This engine was called the "Rocket".
Слова и пояснения к тексту
pit – шахта
travelling engine – двигатель, приводящий в движение транспортное средство
V. Прочитайте еще раз последний абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос к нему:
How was called а new railway engine invented by Stephenson?
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2
ВАРИАНТ 2
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол – сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (b) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. What subjects is he studying and which subject does he like best?
2. He has never been there.
b) 1. The latest instruments were nsed by him.
2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Предложения переведите.
1. Squeezed by the ice the ship could not continue her way.
2. A body moving with a certain velocity carries within itself the kinetic energy of motion.
3. While testing the new airplane a pilot must be very cautious.
4. Unless property treated the metal must not be applied for space technology.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. You should by to find out all the essential facts connected with his work in Antarctic.
2. Energy сan exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.
3. Your world exists and there can be no doubt that you are the centre of your own world.
4. It may rain.
IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст
JAMES WATT
1. James Watt, the Scottish inventor, was born in the small port of Greenock on the river Clyde in 1736. His father was a mathematical-instrument maker and also kept a shop for supplying ships with goods for their voyages.
2. James was a delicate boy and at first he did not go to school: his mother taught him to read, and his father taught him writing and arithmetic.
3. James was an observant and thoughtful boy. One day he noticed that, when the water in the kettle was boiling, the power of the steam moved the lid up and down, and when he held a cold spoon over the steam, it quickly turned back into drops of water.
4. His father saw that James was able to make things with his hands, so be brought some tools from his workshop and the little boy was never so happy as when he was using them.
5. When the time came for him to go to school he did not enjoy his school work until, when he was thirteen, he began to learn mathematics, and in this work he soon showed that he was very clever.
6. Reading was another of his pleasures, and before he was fifteen he had read all the books on his father's bookshelf, and among them a book on science.
7. James loved to be out-of-doors and often went for long walks in the country. When the time came for him to learn a trade his father sent him first to Glasgow and then to London. When James came back to Glasgow, he started a shop for the making and repair of instruments.
8. James was always thinking of how to improve the steam engine because it used too much coal and a good deal of the steam was wasted. He set to work and soon he had made a new type of steam engine, the first successful form of the steam engine.
9. The next step in invention was to make a locomotive that could go far away carrying its own fuel and water with it.
10. A watt, the unit of electric power was named after him. He was equally devoted to chemistry and by his own researches he discovered the composition of water.
11. When James Watt died in 1819, a monument was put up to his memory in Westminster Abbey.
Слова и пояснения к тексту
lid – крышка
to set – приниматься (за работу, дело и т.п.)
to be out-of-doors – бывать на воздухе
V. Прочитайте еще раз последний абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос.
Where was а monument to James Watt's memory put up?
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2
ВАРИАНТ 3
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глаг-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (b) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. Astronomers have measured the exact length of the day.
2. Reactor is fast becoming a major source of heat and electricity.
б) l. Many Compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.
2. The chemical properties of an element are determined by the orbiting electrons.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Предложения переведите.
1. When translated, his article on chemistry was sent to the International Chemical Congress.
2. Translating the English article into Russian he looked up the words in the dictionary.
3. The results achieved by the scientist were of great importance.
4. He presented a plan containing many details.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. Water may be obtained by melting ice.
2. Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.
3. You should take a taxi if you don't want to be late.
4. This new material had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.
IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст
MICHAEL FARADAY
1. Michael Faraday, one of the greatest men of science, was born in the family of а blacksmith in 1791. He had little chance to get an education.
2. When thirteen years old, he went as apprentice to learn bookbinding. He read many of the books which he had to bind and made clear and careful notes from the books that interested him most. Once when binding an encyclopedia, he ran across an article on electricity which struck his imagination and aroused his interest. He became immensely interested in science.
3. With the little money which he could save, he bought a cheap and simple apparatus and set to make experiments.
4. He happened to attend four lectures on chemistry by Sir Humphrey Davy, an outstanding scientist, in 1812. Disliking his trade as a bookbinder, he applied to Davy for а Position. Davy engaged Michael Faraday in 1813 as apparatus assistant and helped him to get a profounder knowledge of the subject.
5. In 1814-1815 Faraday travelled with Davy on the continent and saw many of the continental scientists. He was encouraged by Davy to begin original research and in 1816 he published his first paper.
6. Being still an assistant he helped Davy to create a safety lamp for miners. He learned chemistry, lectured to young people interested in science and wrote for a quarterly scientific Journal. He worked at many problems, but the problem of electricity and magnetism interested him above all, though he had no university training.
7. Although Faraday enjoyed world-wide popularity he remained a modest man never wanting either to accept high titles or to get any money out of his numerous discoveries.
8. He was one of those great men who made possible the age of electricity in which we live, all the marvels that it brings us and all those that it may bring to the future generations.
Слова и пояснения к тексту
blacksmith – кузнец
to bind –переплетать книгу
he happened to attend – ему случилось посетить
marvel – чудо, удивительная вещь
V. Перечитайте два первых абзаца текста и ответьте на вопрос: Why did Faraday become interested in science?