NP-1k-short

1.They had been working on this project for 5 years before they finished it. (How long?)

2.My Mum had been working for this company for 15 years before she retired. (Who?)

3.I had been thinking of moving since September and then I got a promotion. (Since when?)

4.My friend had been trying hard to improve the situation but eventually she failed. (What?)

5.By seven o'clock last night she had already been typing for ten hours, so I told her to rest for a while. (By what time?)

Ex.16.In pairs, ask and answer questions.

1. They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. – Had they been writing the report before Tony arrived? –No, they hadn’t. They had been talking. How long had they been talking? – They had been talking for over an hour.

1.She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.

2.You had been waiting to get on the bus for 40 minutes.

3.Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.

4.James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he leftfor Asia.

5.Jason was tired because he had been writing the course paper.

6.Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.

7.Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending classes.

8.He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.

Ex.17. Complete the sentences with the verbs in the box using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

consider, drive, quarrel, practice, work, burn, hope, rain, write, try

1.He _______the car for many hours before he came to the crossroads.

2.The pianist _______ the passage hour after hour till he mastered it.

3.When I met her, her eyes were red. She and Mike _______ .

4.When I came, they ______ this question for more than an hour.

5.It was evening and he was tired because he _______ since dawn.

6.He ______ to get her on the phone for 15 minutes before he heard her voice.

7.By 12 o’clock they _______ a composition for hours.

8.The fire _______ for some time before a fire brigade came.

9.I ______ to meet her for ages when I bumped into her by chance.

10.When I left home, it was raining, and as it _______ since morning, the streets were muddy.

Ex.18. Complete the sentences with the Past Perfect Continuous to explain the reason.

Example: Mary got burnt. (Lie in the sun)- Mary got burnt because she had been lying in the sun.

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1.Mum looked upset. (Read and cry over a sad story.)

2.Tom ran out of fuel. (Drive for 8 hours.)

3.Bob’s trainers were dirty. (Play football all afternoon.)

4.They looked angry. (Discuss the problem with the board of directors.)

5.Fiona was exhausted. (Pack her suitcase.)

6.Melanie’s eyes were red. (Work at the computer all day long.)

7.She looked stunning. (Go shopping at the weekend.)

8.They were sad to move the house. ( Live at the same place for 20 years.)

9.At last they put up the tent. (Walk in the forest for 3 hours.)

10.Tom and Anna got married. ( Date for three years.)

11.He was happy. He got a position at TNT. (Look for a job as an IT manager.)

Ex.19.Correct the mistakes if there are any.

1. I was tired. I have been writing the composition the whole evening.

2.They were been travelling for a week when they reached the point of destination. 3.We were exhausted. We had been sightseeing in the town all day long.

4.He passed his English exam easily. He had been studying very hard before.

5.Katherine and Josh looked very angry. They had argued since morning..

6.Tracy had been preparing for the presentation until she met a deadline.

7.The kitchen smelled of vanilla. Mum was preparing for the big event for 5 hours.

8.They trained hard for the whole year. It was their big success.

9.Dave was happy. He and Maria had been doing their best until they won the contest.

10.I wasn’t surprised Pete had failed his exam. He wasn’t working hard during the semester.

Ex.20. TranslateintoEnglish.

1.Вона жила в Києві вже два роки , але так і не знала свій район.

2.Вона сказала, що вона вчила англійську з дитинства.

3.Коли я приїхала у відпустку на море, мої друзі були там уже два тижні.

4.У Люсі очі були червоні. Вона плакала весь ранок.

5.Джесіка та Джері будували будинок вже рік, коли розпочалась економічна криза.

6.Майкл був надто втомлений. Збори тривали з ранку.

7.Наша секретарка друкувала папери вже пів години, коли прийшов шеф і сказав, що вже не потрібно.

8.Сніг йшов всю ніч. Вранці всі будинки були вкриті снігом.

9.Вона промокла наскрізь. Всю дорогу до станції вона йшла без парасольки. 10.Анастасія була найкраща репортерка. Вона працювала в нашій газеті з самого початку.

Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous?

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Ex.21. Complete the situations as in the example. Present events as prior to other events or situations. Use them in a broader context to justify your choice of the verb forms.

Example: Dexter was studying economics when I met him. (for 4 years) – Dexter had been studying economics for 4 years when I met him. He was glad to work as an accountant.

1.Sophie was working as a lecturer when I joined the staff. (for 10 years)

2.Margaret was wandering from room to room when I returned. (for a long time)

3.He was working in a fast food restaurant when he found another job. (for half a year)

4.The artist was sitting in the gallery when Maria found him at last. (for 5 hours)

5.George was working as a reporter when I first met him. (since 2002)

Past Simple, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous?

Ex.22. Replace the infinitives by the Past Perfect, the Past Perfect Continuous or the Past Simple as required.

1.He told me he _______ (not to see) much of her since he _______ (to move) to another place.

2.When I _______ (to arrive) he _______ (to stay) at the same hotel where we first _______ (to meet). He _______ (to tell) me he _______ (to wait) for me for some time already.

3.He _______ (to consult) his watch nervously several times before he _______

(to see) her at the end of the platform.

4.He _______ (to write) and _______ (to tear) up more than one letter when at last he _______ (to find) the necessary form of address.

5.At the end of the week the fishermen _______ (to think) they _______ (to sail) long enough to reach the shore, and as there _______ (to be) no land in sight, they _______ (to understand) that they _______ (to lose) their course and

_______ (to follow) the wrong route.

6.It _______ (not to rain) for more than two months, and the fruits _______ (to fall) before they _______ (to become) ripe, when one August night the people

_______ (to be roused) by the sound of heavy drops beating against the roofs and window-panes. With the rain there _______ (to come) hope.

Ex.23. Choose the verb in the box and complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb. (Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous or Past Simple)

understand, call, have, receive, slip, refuse, miss, finish, lose, enter, be ready

1.I ______ to give a definite answer before I ______ a letter from him.

2.We ______ to stay at the station for the night because we _____ the last train.

3.When Emma _____ reading the letter she _____ that she _____Arthur forever.

4.She hardly _____ the letter into her pocket when Martini _______ the room.

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5. Their friends ______ them before they ______ .

carry, drop, bring, drive, achieve, keep, come, practice, expect, master

6.They _______ the car for many hours before they _______ to the crossroad.

7.The scientists ______ out a dozen experiments before they _____satisfactory results.

8.The pianist ______ the passage hour after hour until he ______ it.

9.My watch ______ good time before I _______ it.

10.At last the postman ______ a letter which I _______ several weeks.

Ex.24. Open the brackets and use the proper tense (Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous).

1.When he ______ (arrive), I ______ (live) in London for a week.

2.We ______ (read) while he ______ (eat).

3.When Jack ______ (phone) me, I ______ (write) a letter.

4.When my friend ______ (come), I ______ (do) an exercise for an hour.

5.The library ______ (close) by the time I ______ (get) there .

6.I ______ (drive) home when I ______ (hear) the news on the radio.

7.They always ______ (have) loud parties which ______ (go on ) till the early hours.

8.We ______ (walk) for some hours before we ______ (realize) that we ______

(lose) our way.

9.No sooner I ______ (complain) that I ______ (not hear) from them for a long time than the letter ______ (come).

10.The concert was a great success. When the pianist ______ (finish) his part, the audience ______ (applaud) the orchestra for some minutes.

11.It was the poorest room he ever ______ (see).

12.No sooner she ______ (come) to the station than a fast train from Glasgow______ (arrive).

13.I ______ (drive) home when I ______ (hear) the news on the radio.

14.I ______ (finish) my work by afternoon and ______ (sit) quietly in my study thinking of the days that ______ (pass) by.

15.The storm already ______ (die) away , but very far off the thunder still ______

(mutter).

Ex.25. Correct the mistakes if there are any.

1.I already had gone to bed and had fallen asleep when my brother knocked at the door and asked me to get up.

2.By the time the guests were coming, she was not ready.

3.I had not been listening, so I missed what she had said.

4.By 9 o’clock he finished work. He went outside. The rain had stopped but it was rather cool.

5.They had been studying all morning, so they were tired.

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6.She broke the glass when she washed it.

7.They were looking for the money since morning but they couldn’t find it anywhere.

8.The shop has closed by the time I got there.

9.At last I bought a piece of furniture which I expected for a month.

10.All the staff were working very long hours all week long.

Ex.26. TranslateintoEnglish.

1.Студенти закінчили підготовку до конференції до 30 жовтня.

2.Вони були друзями вже 10 років, перш ніж я познайомився з ними.

3.Секретарка віддала листа лише після того, як я сповістив своє ім’я.

4.Вона прийшла на роботу і згадала, що забув вдома гаманця.

5.Мої сусіди сказали, що провели відпустку в Альпах.

6.Ми думаємо, що він прийняв правильне рішення.

7.Вони вирішили залишитись вдома, тому що були втомлені.

8.Ми подивились фільм перш ніж обговорили його.

9.Я була в Лондоні минулого року. Раніше я там ніколи не була.

10.Я прочекала на зупинці 20 хвилин перш ніж прийшов трамвай.

PAST TENSES REVIEW

Ex.27. Identify the tenses, then match the sentences on the left with their functions on the right.

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while they were writing the test.

11. They locked the door, gave the keys to the guard and went home.

12.The company’s funds had run out by the end of the year.

Ex.28. Final test. Simple Past, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, or Past Perfect Continuous? Choose the right answer.

4.She fell asleep while she _________ TV.

a.watched b. was watching c. had watched d. had been watching

5.She probably lost her keys while she ________ in the park.

a.walked b. was walking c. had walked d. had been walking

6.He _________ at four o'clock yesterday.

a. slept b. was sleeping c. had slept d. had been sleeping

7. First he ________ as a salesman, then as a night clerk, and after that he quit his job and became a writer.

a. worked b. was working c. had worked d. had been working 8. Christopher Columbus ________ America in 1492.

a. discovered b. was discovering c. had discovered d. had been discovering 9. By the time I came back, Mike and Jane______, so I couldn't tell them about it.

a. took b. was taking c. had taken d. had been taking

11.Their car was stolen while they________ lunch at a cafe. a. ate b. were eating c. had eaten d. had been eating

12.When he lived in Mexico, he ________ in a bank.

a. worked b. was working c. had worked d. had been working

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Ex.31. Correct the mistakes if there are any.

1.The man was standing at the bus stop for the last half an hour.

2.I remembered I haven’t paid the bill last month.

3.I called the station for an hour yesterday but no one answered.

4.She was standing near the shelf and trying to find the book on economic theory.

5.Richard tried to come in quietly but his mother didn’t sleep and was hearing him.

6.I hadn’t seen Michael for some time. I missed him greatly.

7.He used to playing the violin when he lived with his grandparents.

8.I had been played chess for 3 years before I participated in a lightning tournament five years ago.

9.I went to England to improve my English but it hadn’t helped.

10.There were a very good program on TV last night.

Ex.32.TranslateintoEnglish.

1.Я слухала подругу вже пів години, але так і не зрозуміла про що йшлося.

2.Минулого тижня я зустрівся з менеджерами, провів перемовини, відправив десятки листів і нарешті поїхав у відпустку.

3.Коли він прийшов, вона вже повернулась та сиділа біля каміну.

4.Не встигла я приїхати до готелю, як задзвонив телефон і ми пішли на зустріч в конференц зал.

5.Професор все ще екзаменував студентів, коли прийшов декан.

6.Ми бувало грали у футбол всім офісом у суботу.

7.Стажери тренувались вже три години, коли тренер сказав зробити перерву.

8.Коли ви закінчили проект? - Ми ще не закінчили. Ми пропрацювали три місяці над ним, але ще не дійшли згоди щодо рекламної кампанії.

9.Йшов сильний сніг. Я не змогла прочитати номер тролейбуса. Я проїхала вже три зупинки, коли зрозуміла, що їхала не в тому напрямку.

10.Я дзвонила вам дві години, але телефон був зайнятий.

11.Ми ще не встигли вийти на вулицю, як прибуло таксі.

12.Студенти писали тест вже пів години, коли увійшов декан і попросив їх заповнити анкети.

13.Ми працювали над проектом пів року коли наш товар з’явився на ринку.

14.Вони прибули о третій вночі і все ще відпочивають.

Скільки часу тривала дискусія, перш ніж вони прийшли до компромісу?

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Unit 5. FREE-ENTERPRISE SYSTEM

TEXT A: What is free enterprise?

TEXT B: Role of government in a free-enterprise economy

TEXT C: Invisible hand

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION: At the airport

GRAMMAR: Future Tenses. The Imperative Mood

Everything that is really great and inspiring is created by the individual who can labor in freedom.

Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955), a German theoretical physicist

LEAD-IN

1.Do you feel free? What freedoms do you enjoy? What freedoms are guaranteed in a democratic society? How do you understand economic freedom?

2.If you are free, it means that it is no one but you who makes decisions. What motivates you in decision-making? What motivates people in making economic decisions?

3.While the pure market economy does not imply government’s interference at all, the free enterprise economy does. In what spheres do you think government can perform better than private companies?

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES

A. Reading drills

Ex.1. Read the words with the following letter combinations.

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[∫]machine, chef, brochure

Ex.2. Read the following words with the letter c in different positions. [k] economy, Cuba, occur, considerable, sector, country, occupation

[s]produce, service, difference, resource, society, decide, incentive, necessary, receive

[k]-[s] scarce, consequence, success, coercive

[∫] socialist, efficiency, beneficial, financial, artificial [t∫] which, China, purchase, choose, exchange, channel [k] mechanism, school, chemistry, chronicle

Ex.3. Read the words in the groups bellow. Pay attention to the word stress. a) words with the stress on the first syllable:

mechanism, utilize, private, enterprise, difference, social, value, motivate, consequence, innovator, satisfy, borrow, voluntary, contract, surplus, shortage, rationing, indicate;

b) words with the stress on the second syllable:

identical, produce (v), unique, involve, considerable, occur, component, economy, resource, society, objective, creative, productive, pursue, decision, determine, incentive, consumer, possess, potential, competitive, maintain, abundant;

c) polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:

economic, manufacturing, beneficial, occupation, inability, artificial, interference.

Ex.4. Practice reading the following words.

Identical, mechanism, utilize, occur, private, creative, highly, efficiency, pursue, beneficial, artificial, determine, extremely, reward, consequence, scarce, purchase, sovereignty, entrepreneur, necessarily, interference, coercive, guide.

B. Word formation

Ex.5. Study the following typical endings of nouns. Using one of them, change each of the following words into a noun.

Membership; socialism; sadness; information; government; beauty; marriage; excellence.

Kind, real, move, human, elect, intelligent, permanent, confuse, leader, improve, equal.

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