NP-1k-short

10.I arrived on ___ glorious sunny day.

11.I took ___ taxi to my accommodation.

12.___ taxi driver was very friendly and welcomed me to Australia. 13.___ family I am staying with is very nice.

14.They are ___ Australian family and they usually have two international students staying with them at any one time.

15.I had two days to explore my new city and then I started this course. Today is

___ very special day for me. I am nervous but I am happy!

Ex.15. Read the sentences and complete them with a, an, the or - (no article).

1.What’s ___ date today? It’s ___ 9th of June.

2.She wants to be ___ architect but she isn’t good at ___ Maths.

3.Please clean up ___ bathroom. You left ___ terrible mess there.

4.He is fourteen but he behaves like ___ small child.

5.Let’s wait for ___ others. Perhaps they will want to go to ___ cinema with us.

6.What is ___ capital city of ___ Czech Republic?

7.She is not working at ___ moment. She is ___ unemployed technician.

8.We arrived ___ home at ___ six o’clock in ___ morning.

9.Don’t make ___ noise. I have ___ headache.

10.She bought ___ American car.

11.She lives in ___ north of ___ Spain but her parents live in ___ east. 12.Do you like ___ exams?

13.Do you need ___ degree in Economics or ___ degree in finance to be a better manager?

14.___ Mt. Everest is ___ highest mountain in ___ world.

15.Do you like ___ weather here? Isn't it too hot during ___ day but it is very cold at ___ night?

Ex.16. Correct the mistakes if there are any.

1. Children learn easily what they see.

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2.The sugar has lots of calories.

3.Where is the sugar I bought?

4.Life is difficult in this area because there isn’t enough water.

5.The life of the people in this area is difficult because there isn’t enough water.

6.The music makes me happy.

7.The music we’re listening to isn’t modern but it is very catchy.

8.The friends should help you when you need it.

9.The friends I was waiting for arrived this morning.

10.The Japanese is a difficult language.

11.The Japanese language is difficult.

12.The Japanese are really hard-working.

13.The Japanese people are really hard-working.

14.I can’t play piano.

15.She plays basketball in a famous team.

Ex.17. Translate into English.

1.Вона працює вісім годин на день шість днів на тиждень.

2.Кілограм картоплі коштує гривню.

3.Ми ходимо до театру двічі на місяць.

4.Він працює у центрі міста.

5.Я не люблю ходити до дантиста.

6.Мені потрібно сьогодні сходити до банку та на пошту.

7.Я хотів би поговорити з менеджером.

8.Я взяв таксі, щоб дістатися до залізничного вокзалу.

9.Чи не могли б Ви відчинити вікно?

10.Я виключив телевізор і почав читати книжку.

11.Коли ми були студентами, ми не могли дозволити собі вечерю в ресторані.

12.Французи відомі своїм гумором, англійці – коректністю, а німці – пунктуальністю.

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13.Київ – столиця України, незалежної європейської держави.

14.Ви вмієте грати на гітарі?

15.Хлопці з нашої групи кожен вечір грають у футбол.

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Unit 7. MONEY

TEXT A. Money and its role in the economy

TEXT B. A Glimpse of the American, British and Euro currencies TEXT C. A Barter way of doing business

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION: On the telephone

GRAMMAR: Determiners. Numerals

Money never starts an idea; it is the idea that starts the money.

W.J. Cameron (1879-1953), spokesman for Henry Ford

LEAD-IN

1.Think of two or three things that you spend your money on every day. Do you spend it on the same things?

2.When you go shopping, how do you pay for goods: in cash or by credit card?

3.Have you ever put your money in a piggy-bank?

4.Some people put their money on deposit in a bank; others invest it in companies by buying their shares? What else do people do with their money?

5.Do you think that in time people will live in a cashless society?

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PRE-TEXT EXERCISES

A. Reading drills

Ex.1. Revise the reading rules of the following letter combinations ir / ur/ er; ow/ ou; ee /ea and read the words:

firm, thirdly, circle, circulate; return, further, furthermore, purchase; serve, service, transfer, convert, emergence; decree, redeem, irredeemable; easily, cheap, means; nowadays, powerful, countable, amount, account, cowrie

Ex. 2. Practice reading the words with qu.

qu [kw] quarter, quota, quote, quotation, quit, quarrel, liquidity, acquisition;

[k] technique, unique, cheque, picturesque, grotesque, queue

Require, qualified, questionable, unique, liquid, queue, quality, quantity, technique

Ex.3. The letters in bold are silent in the following words. Read the words accurately.

p /b receipt, psychology, debt, plumber, doubt, climb

k before n: know, knowledge, known, knee, knight, knit, knob, knock g before n at the beginning or at the end of a word:

sign, resign, design, reign, gnat

t often after s: fasten, castle, listen, bristle, glisten, whistle, rustling h honour, honourable, honest, hour, hourly

gh after i, au, ou and before t: sigh, sightseeing, brightly, highlight; taught, caught; brought, sought, thought

but at the beginning of a word, these letters are read as [g]: ghost, ghosting, ghetto, ghastly

w wholesale, wholly, whose, answer, wrap, wreck, wrong, written

Debtor, highlighter, reign, honesty, soften, doubting, listening, answerphone, well-known, hustle, firefighter, whistle, Knightsbridge, walk, ghostwriter,

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climbing, knot, sight, bought, ghastly, knees, fought, resign, sigh, island, iron,

government.

Ex. 4. Read the words in the groups below. Pay attention to the word stress.

a) words with the stress on the first syllable:

ancient, attribute, asset, barter, constitute, counterfeit, cumbersome, diamond, dominant, effort, iron, medium, measure, mechanism, origin, output, perishable, precious, privacy, purchase, relatively, standard;

b) words with the stress on the second syllable:

coincidence, commodity, convenient, convertible, criterion, decree, determine, divisible, economy, economist, effect, emergence, essential, millennium, occur, percentage, possess, society, simplicity, spontaneous, withstand;

c) polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:

irredeemable, organization, representative.

Ex. 5. Read these two-syllable words. Pay attention to the change of the word stress.

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Ex.6. Now, read the sentences with some of the words from Ex.5.

1.I try to avoid conflict wherever possible. This conflicts with the police evidence. She is in conflict with her employers over sickness pay.

2.Helen was transferred from marketing to sales. We’re currently dealing the paperwork for your transfer. We’re transferring our production to Detroit.

3.Learning a foreign language is a slow process. Data is processed as it is received.

4.Food prices increased by 10% in less than a year. Our costs have increased dramatically. Sales have been good despite last year’s price increases.

5.Profits were $1million, which is a decrease of 5 per cent on last year. Prices are expected to decrease by less than 1% this year. There has been a decrease in the annual birth rate for the last twenty years.

B. Word formation

Ex. 7. Make up adverbs by adding the ending - ly to adjectives.

Model: adjective + - ly = adverb

e.g. usual → usually; happy - happily

Absolute, eventual, easy, exact, immediate, independent, normal, original, particular, preferable, smooth, universal.

Ex. 8. Form verbs by adding the ending – ize/-ise to the following nouns and

adjectives.

Model: noun/adjective + -ize (ise) = verb e.g. American → Americanize

Legal, industrial, modern, national, neutral, popular, private, rational, visual; author, apology, computer, hospital, stability, symbol, sympathy

Ex.9. What is the difference between these words? Compare the suffixes –

er/or and –ee.

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Addresser – addressee, consigner –consignee, dedicator – dedicatee, donor – donee, employer – employee, endorser – endorsee, inspector – inspectee, inviter – invitee, nominator – nominee, payer – payee, vendor – vendee.

Ex.10. Form nouns by adding suffix -ee to the verbs below. Translate these

words.

Model: Absent - absentee, etc.

Examine, interview, license, mortgage, refer, train, trust.

TEXT A: MONEY AND ITS ROLE IN THE ECONOMY

Active Vocabulary

Key terms: barter, bank account, cash, coin, coincidence of wants, convert smth into smth, credit/debit card, counterfeit, currency, commodity/representative/ credit/fiat money, electronic money, exchange smth for smth, in payment for, irredeemable, legal tender, means of liquidity, medium of exchange, measure of value, monetary unit, money supply, purchasing power, quote prices, redeem, store of value, transfer, transaction, unit of account

Other words and expressions: attribute, basic/essential characteristics, demand/need for, grow dramatically, in terms of, judge on, keystone of, the origin(s) of, perform a function, serve as, solve a problem, solution to (a problem), supersede

Linking words and phrases: to begin with, originally, eventually, firstly/secondly/thirdly/finally, in addition to, of no less importance, as a matter of fact, in fact, in this way, to summarise

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What is money? Why do we use money at all? In order to better understand the concept of money and get an answer to these questions, let us turn to the origins of money and examine its principal functions.

To begin with, money is the result of a long evolutionary process. Before there was money, people living in primitive societies used barter as a means of exchanging goods and services, and it worked quite well. However, as time went by and society advanced, the volume and range of goods and services expanded. Eventually, bartering became very complicated and cumbersome.

It was money that solved the basic problems created by barter -

‘indivisibility’ and ‘coincidence of wants’. The emergence of money was spontaneous. No king, government or person created money. It came into being through barter, and evolved independently in different parts of the world. The oldest recorded use of money dates back to ancient Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq) about 4,500 years ago.

Originally, money took the form of commodity money or money with its own value as a good. It means that the commodity itself constitutes the money, and the money is the commodity. In fact, any commodity used as a medium of exchange is commodity money. At different times different commodities were used as money: iron and bronze, cattle and fish, furs and skins, cowries and precious metals, specifically gold and silver. Gold coins are examples of commodity money because gold is worth something as a commodity, not just as a monetary unit.

Over time other types of money came into use: representative, fiat money, credit money, etc. The system of commodity money in many instances evolved into a system of representative money which refers to paper currency backed by a government or bank’s promise to redeem it for a given weight of precious metal

(gold or silver). During the late 19th and early 20th century, most currencies were examples of representative money. Money of this type was based on the gold standard, and, in theory, could be exchanged for a fixed amount of gold. For example, the US dollar was convertible to gold until 1934.

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Currency that is found today in most countries is fiat money. Unlike representative money, fiat money is not backed by any commodity, and is absolutely irredeemable. It serves as legal tender by a government decree, or fiat which means in Latin ‘let it be done’. “Legal tender for all debts, public and private” is written on the US dollar. The value of fiat currency is based merely on trust that people will accept it in payment for goods and services and that its value will remain relatively stable. A prime example of fiat money is the new international currency - the euro. The introduction of the euro changed the face of money, superseding many of the world's oldest currencies.

Whatever the type of money, it should be judged on how well it performs its major functions: (1) a medium of exchange, (2) a measure of value, and (3) a store of value. As a matter of fact, money is what money does.

FUNCTIONS OF MONEY

Money is a medium of exchange

Firstly, money is the mechanism that enables parties to make an indirect exchange of goods and services. In a money economy, if you want to buy or sell something, you don’t need to find someone who has what you want and who wants what you have. Money effectively eliminates the problem of a double coincidence of wants by serving as a medium of exchange. It is easily accepted in all transactions, by all parties, regardless of whether they desire each others’ goods and services. What is important, money transmits value through space. In a barter system, this is very difficult because transfer of large items and perishable goods makes moving around rather problematic.

Money is a measure of value or a unit of account

Secondly, money is the benchmark for measuring value of goods and services. If you want to buy a mobile telephone, you don’t need to calculate how

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