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МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ і НАУКИ МОЛОДІ та СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ ДЕРЖАВНИЙ ВИЩИЙ НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ЗАКЛАД

«КИЇВСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ імені ВАДИМА ГЕТЬМАНА»

Друзь Ю.М., KoпитькoT.В., Лобановa В.А., Люлька Л.А., Зaвiдoнoвa Н.І.

(за загальною редакцією Друзя Ю.М.)

ENGLISH for ECONOMICS and

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Навчальний посібник з англійської мови

для студентів 1 курсу економічних спеціальностей

Kиїв, 2012

1

ПЕРЕДМОВА

Сьогодні кожна людина, яка працює в діловому світі, повинна володіти іноземною мовою для того, щоб бути успішною. Спілкуючись з партнерами по бізнесу чи з клієнтами, обговорюючи різноманітні проекти, складаючи нові бізнес-плани, шукаючи необхідну інформацію, все частіше й об’ємніше ділові люди застосовують свої знання англійської мови.

Даний посібник має на меті розвивати іншомовні компетенції з врахуванням основних вимог до підготовки бакалаврів з економіки та менеджменту. Він також може використовуватись широким колом осіб, які самостійно вивчають англійську мову і прагнуть засвоїти ділову лексику. За своїм змістом це є практичний курс, який складається з великої кількості різноманітних видів робіт над окремими сторонами мовленнєвої діяльності студентів – читання, говоріння, аудіювання й письма. Процес оволодіння іншомовним мовленням є тривалим і вимагає наряду з повсякденним розвитком навичок мовлення враховувати специфіку професійної діяльності.

До вивчення пропонуються вісім тем професійного спрямування: “Що таке економіка” (What is economics), “Фактори виробництва” (Factors of production), “Типи економічних систем” (Types of economic systems), “Попит і пропозиція” (Demand and supply), “Економіка вільного підприємництва”

(Free enterprise economy), “Форми організації бізнесу” (Forms of business organisation), “Гроші” (Money), “Податки” (Taxes), до складу яких входить ряд текстів відповідно до тематики, лексичних та граматичних вправ.

Групування мовного матеріалу довкола тексту дає змогу забезпечити комплексне та систематичне повторення раніше вивченого та продовжити формування навичок застосовування здобутих знань на практиці.

Особливий інтерес становить подана в посібнику система ситуативних вправ для розвитку умінь і навичок усного діалогічного спілкування, що є важливою умовою повноцінного опанування мови: вісім тем для розвитку

2

комунікативних мовленнєвих компетенцій: “Знайомства” (Introductions),

“Призначення ділової зустрічі” (Making an appointment), “В аеропорту” (At the airport), “У готелі” (At the hotel), “В офісі” (In the office), “Спілкування по телефону” (On the phone), “Як дістатися до місця призначення” (Finding the way), “Про компанію” (About your company).

Теоретичний матеріал з граматики (Nouns, Articles, Determiners, Pronouns, Numbers, Present Tenses, Past Tenses, Future Tenses, Imperatives, Adjectives, Adverbs, Comparison) поєднується з запропонованою до практичного виконання системою вправ. Значна частина теоретичного граматичного матеріалу оформлена в таблицях, що сприяє кращій візуалізації та систематизації знань.

Посібник також містить додатки: граматичні тести, граматичний довідник, глосарій та тексти для додаткового читання.

Запропоновані матеріали базуються на здобутках мовознавчої,

педагогічної, методичної та психологічної наук, забезпечують додержання принципів наступності й перспективності, комунікативно-діяльнісного підходу, а також особистісно орієнтованого навчання.

Автори посібника висловлюють подяку доцентам І.С. Бахову, Т.А.

Мірончук, М.М. Гавришу, Л.І.Чеботарьовійзацінні поради і зауваження під час обговорення.

Навчальний посібник призначається для студентів першого курсу економічних спеціальностей.

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Unit 1. WHAT IS ECONOMICS?

TEXT A: What is economics? TEXT B: What economics isn't

TEXT C: Micro, macro and fantasy economics BUSINESS COMMUNICATION: Introductions

GRAMMAR: Present Tenses. The Present Simple and the Present Continuous Tenses

The ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood.

John Maynard Keynes (1883 – 1946), a British economist

LEAD-IN

1.The dictionary defines economics as “the study of the production of wealth and the consumption of goods and services in a society”. List five economic issues relating to production and consumption that your national or local government has to deal with today.

2.Why do you think everyone should understand basic economics?

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES

A. Reading drills

Ex.1. Practice reading the following words.

tion [ʃn]: action, nation, station, dictation, translation, position, condition

ssion, ssian [ʃ(ə)n]: session, expression, impression, permission, Prussian, Russian

cia [ʃə], cean [ʃ(ə)n]: ocean, special, especially, official, politician, musician, social

a [a:] перед ss, sk, sp, st, ns, nd, nt, ft, th, nce: class, glass, grass, pass; after, craft, raft, daft; ask, task, answer, father, rather, bath, path; fast, faster, last, past, master, castle, can't; gasp, grasp; command, demand, plant, grant; chance, dance, glance, France.

Ex.2. Read the words in the following groups. Pay attention to the word stress.

a) words with the stress on the first syllable:

answer, numbers, household, human, market, concept, actually, services, product, produce (n), surplus, previous, limit, object (n), purchase, action, labour, labourer, capital, enterprise, timber, profit, business, scarcity, satisfy, constitute, income, option, benefit, equity, issue;

b) words withthe stress on the second syllable:

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economy, economist, accept, resources, statistics, specifically, behaviour, endeavour, defence, invisible, amount, variety, sufficient, incentive, produce (v), abandon, interpret, production, tentative, explain, decision, desire, consume, consumer, consumption, activity, object (v), attempt, perform, except, combine, reward, machinery, available, unlimited;

c) polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:

administration, availability, economics, economic, economical, economically, complicated, constitution, constitutional, constitutionally, publication, comprehensive, influential, insufficient, definition, distribution, individual, satisfaction, satisfactory, unemployment, microeconomics, macroeconomics.

В. Word formation with the help of suffixes

Ex.3. Explain the difference between the words in groups.

a)act, acting, active, activity, action;

b)consume, consumer, consumption, consumerism;

c)economy, economics, economic, economical, economically;

d)satisfy, satisfaction, satisfactory;

e)product, produce, produce, productive, productivity, production.

Ex.4. Make up nouns as in the model: a) from the verbs

Model: verb + -ment noun e.g. govern - government

Enjoy, employ, develop, accomplish, encourage, punish, fulfil, equip, agree, adjust, acknowledge, commit, enrich, establish, move, judge, measure, recruit, manage;

b) from the adjectives

Model: adjective + -ity noun e.g. reliable - reliability

Possible, probable, responsible, familiar, complex, hilarious, curious, prosperous, punctual, real, senior, special, able, public, similar, sensitive, active, minor, scarce.

Ex.5. Make up

a)adjectives from the following nouns:

Model: noun + -ant adjective e.g.assistance (n) assistant (adj)

Distance, significance, importance, resistance, brilliance, consultancy, dependence;

b)adjectives from the verbs:

Model: verb + -less adjective e.g. hope (v) hopeless (adj)

End, use, care, aim, thank, fear, harm, rest, mind, brake, doubt, dream, form, love.

TEXT A: WHAT IS ECONOMICS?

Active Vocabulary

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Key terms: economics, social science, management of a household, free market, productive resources, information resources, rational human behaviour, needs and wants, surplus, market, incentives, scarcity, factors of production, economic activity, opportunity cost, minimizing costs, inflation, consumer, microeconomics, macroeconomics, unemployment, gross domestic product, taxation, government expenditures, trade-offs, "invisible hand", competing uses, variety of goods and services, production, distribution and consumption of goods and services, satisfy wants, needs and desires, expenditures.

Other words and expressions: to browse, to constitute, complicated, endeavour, to abandon, action, activity, available, to satisfy, benefit, to allocate, to determine, a wide range, required, demanded, to interact, phenomena.

Linking words and phrases: hence, more specifically, such as, except for, thus, therefore, though, in this connection, in order to.

There's no one universally accepted answer to the question "What is economics?" Browsing different information resources, you will find various answers to that question. Economics may appear to be the study of complicated tables and charts, statistics and numbers, but, more specifically, it is the study of what constitutes rational human behaviour in the endeavour to fulfil needs and wants.

The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek oikonomia, the word composed of oikos (“house”) and nomos ( “custom” or “law”), hence, “rules of the house (hold)”. Modern economics began in 1776, with the publication of Adam Smith's “Wealth of Nations”. This was the first comprehensive defence of the free market, and continues to be an influential work to this day. Central to the work was the concept of the “invisible hand”, the idea that the market, while appearing chaotic, is actually guided to produce the right amount and variety of goods and services. If there are insufficient goods, there will be great economic incentives to produce more; if there are surplus goods, there will be an economic incentive to produce less or different types of goods. Smith's work was so influential that previous tentative schools of economics were abandoned after its publication.

Modern definition of economics interprets it as a social science, which analyses the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, studies human behaviour and explains how individuals and groups make decisions with limited resources as to best satisfy their wants, needs and desires.

Wants and needs refer to people’s desires to consume certain goods and services. In economic terms, a good is a physical object that can be purchased. A service is an action or activity done for others for a fee. The term product is often used to refer to both goods and services.

Economics often uses such categories as factors of production, which are basic elements used to produce goods and services. In essence, land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship are main productive resources. Land represents all natural resources, such as timber and gold used in the production of a good. Labour is all of the work that labourers and workers perform at all levels of an organisation, except for the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur is an individual who takes an idea and attempts to make an economic profit from it by combining all other factors of production. The entrepreneur also takes on all of the risks and rewards of the business. The capital is all of the tools and machinery used to produce a good or service.

The need for making choices arises from the problem of scarcity. Scarcity exists because people’s wants and needs are greater than the resources available to satisfy them. From here it can be easily understood that scarcity is the fundamental economic problem of having seemingly unlimited human needs and wants in the world of limited resources. Scarcity means that people want more than is available. Thus, people must choose how best to use their available resources to satisfy the greatest number of wants and needs. Scarcity limits us both as individuals and as a society. As individuals, limited income (time or ability) keeps us from doing and having all that

6

we might like. As a society, limited resources (such as manpower, machinery, and natural resources) fix a maximum on the amount of goods and services that can be produced. Economics is sometimes called the study of scarcity because economic activity would not exist if scarcity did not force people to make choices. People must choose which of their desires they will satisfy and which they will leave unsatisfied.

When there is scarcity and choice, there are costs. The cost of any choice is the option or options that a person gives up. Most of economics is based on the simple idea that people make choices by comparing the benefits of options of different goods and choosing the one with the highest benefit. The opportunity cost of a particular choice is the satisfaction that would have been derived from the next best alternative foregone. It is the cost of any activity measured in terms of the value of the best alternative that is not chosen.

Economics is the study of how people choose to allocate scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. In the situation of scarce resources and unlimited human needs, economics has a very important task of minimizing costs while producing different goods and services. The main problem in economics is the question of allocating scarce resources between competing uses. In this connection very significant decisions must be made about three basic economic questions: What to produce? For whom to produce? and How to produce?

What products and services should be produced? In order to answer this question we need to determine the needs of individual consumers as well as the economy in general. A wide range of goods and services needs to be produced in order to cater for many and varied needs of consumers. The demand from consumers and available resources will normally determine what products and services to produce.

How much of each product and service should be produced? The amount of each product to produce will be determined by the demand for the various products as well as the availability of the resources required to produce those goods and services.

For whom should goods and services be produced? The demand for goods and services will largely determine for whom they will be produced. Goods are therefore produced for those consumers who demand the goods, and have the ability to pay for the goods demanded.

Two main branches of economics are: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the actions of individuals and firms, and how they interact. Macroeconomics studies the economy at large, examining such phenomena as inflation, unemployment and gross domestic product.

No aspect of life is untouched by economics - though it can be hard to convey its central importance in human lives. Economics has things to say, and to teach, about the importance of education, about taxation and government expenditures, about why some companies succeed and others go bust. It teaches why some countries grow rapidly and others struggle to grow at all.

Language notes:

great economic incentives – великі економічні стимули; surplus goods – надлишкові товари;

tentative schools of economics – експериментальні економічні школи; opportunity cost – альтернативний вибір;

economic activity would not exist if scarcity did not force people to make choices – не існувало б господарської діяльності, якби дефіцит не змушував людей робити вибір;

to take risks and rewards – йти на ризик і заробляти винагороди; to go bust – збанкрутувати, розоритися;

rational judgments – обґрунтовані судження; trade-off –альтернатива, компроміс.

VOCABULARY FOCUS

Ex.1. Find the English equivalents in the text.

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Економічнадіяльність;дефіцит;обмеженіресурси;управліннягосподарством;вивчатискладні таблицітаграфіки;недостатньотоварів;виробляти більше; сучасне визначення економіки; бажання споживати певні товари та послуги; ризики та винагороди бізнесу; задовольняти необмежені людські потреби та бажання; розподіл дефіцитних ресурсів; широкий асортимент товарів та послуг; попит на різну продукцію; основні питання, що впливають на нас.

Ex.2. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and phrases.

To allocate scarce resources between competing uses; government expenditures; demand from consumers; rational human behaviour in the endeavour to fulfil needs and wants; the first comprehensive defence of the free market; an economic incentive to produce less or different types of goods; production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services; to produce the right amount and variety of goods and services; inflation; unemployment; gross domestic product; taxation; the best alternative foregone; minimizing costs; available resources; unlimited human needs and wants; force people to make choices; to satisfy wants, needs, and desires; to consume certain goods and services.

Ex.3. Give three forms of the following verbs. Find the sentences with these verbs in the text.

Find, come, begin, be, do, take, make, arise, keep, leave, give, choose, have, teach, say, go, grow.

Ex.4. Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.

1

scarcity

a

the study of the way in which money and goods are produced and

 

 

 

used

2

consumer

b

a continuing increase in prices, or the rate at which prices increase

3

economics

c

a subject or problem that is often discussed or argued about,

 

 

 

especially a social or political matter that affects the interests of a lot

 

 

 

of people

4

demand

d

a situation in which there is not enough of something

5

distribution

e

the number of people in a particular country or area who cannot get a

 

 

 

job

6

inflation

F

a balance between two opposing things that you are willing to accept

 

 

 

in order to achieve something

7

unemployment

g

someone who buys and uses products and services

8

issue

h

all the people who live together in one house

9

costs

I

an advantage, improvement, or help that you get from something

10

GDP

J

the need or desire that people have for particular goods and services

11

trade-off

k

the money that you must regularly spend in order to run a business, a

 

 

 

home, a car, etc

12

surplus

L

the act of sharing things among a large group of people in a planned

 

 

 

way

13

benefit

m

the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one

 

 

 

year, except for income received from abroad

14

income

n

an amount of something that is more than what is needed or used

15

household

o

the money that you earn from your work or that you receive from

 

 

 

investments, the government, etc

Ex.5. Make up verb + noun collocations (there may be several variants).

to satisfy

 

 

scarce resources

to make

 

 

economics

to allocate

 

 

answers

8

to provide

wants and needs

to produce

tools

to determine

products

to find

decisions

to study

demand for goods

to design

goods and services

to purchase

rational judgements

Ex.6. Choose an appropriate word or phrase to complete the following sentences.

Economic profit, factors of production, fee, goods and services, Nations, needs and wants, option or options, products and services, resources, unlimited wants.

1.Economics is the study of what constitutes rational human behaviour in the endeavour to fulfil _________.

2.Modern economics began in 1776, with the publication of Adam Smith's Wealth of

_________.

3.Modern definition of economics interprets it as the social science, which analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of _________.

4.A service is an action or activity done for others for a _________.

5._________are basic elements used to produce goods and services.

6.The entrepreneur is an individual who takes an idea and attempts to make an

_________from it by combining all other factors of production.

7.Scarcity exists because people’s wants and needs are greater than the _________available to satisfy them.

8.The cost of any choice is the _________that a person gives up.

9.Economics is the study of how people choose to allocate scarce resources to satisfy their

_________.

10.The demand from consumers and available resources will normally determine what

_________to produce.

Ex.7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions or adverbs.

1.Browsing different information resources, you will find various answers ______ that question.

2.Economics is the study ______ what constitutes rational human behaviour.

3.Modern economics began ______ 1776.

4.Central ______ the Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations was the concept ______ the “invisible hand”.

5.If there are surplus goods, there will be an economic incentive to produce ______ or different types of goods.

6.Modern definition ______ economics interprets it as a social science.

7.A service is an action or activity done ______ others ______ a fee.

8.The need ______ making choices arises ______ the problem of scarcity.

9.Scarcity means that people want ______ than is available.

10.The cost ______ choice is the option or options that a person gives up.

11.Most ______ economics is based ______ the simple idea that people make choices.

12.Economics has a very important task ______ minimizing costs ______ producing different goods and services.

13.Very significant decisions must be made _____three basic economic questions.

14.The demand _____ consumers and available resources will normally determine what products and services to produce.

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15. Goods are produced ______ those consumers who demand the goods, and have the ability to pay ______ the goods demanded.

Ex.8. Combine two parts logically to make complete sentences.

1

Economics may appear to be the study of

a

the production,

distribution, and

 

complicated

 

consumption of goods and services.

2

Economics is the study of what constitutes

b

allocating scarce

resources between

 

rational human

 

competing uses.

 

3

Modern economics began in 1776, with the

c

limited resources as to best satisfy their

 

 

 

wants, needs, and desires.

4

Modern definition of economics interprets it

d

an economic profit from it by combining

 

as the social science, which analyzes

 

all other factors of production.

5

Economics studies human behaviour and

e

the benefits of options of different goods

 

explains how individuals and groups make

 

and choosing the one with the highest

 

decisions with

 

benefit.

 

6

Economics is called the study of scarcity

f

scarce resources to satisfy their

 

because economic activity

 

unlimited wants.

 

7

The entrepreneur is an individual who takes

g

publication of Adam Smith's Wealth of

 

an idea and attempts to make

 

Nations.

 

8

The main problem in economics is the

h

tables and charts, statistics and numbers.

 

question of

 

 

 

9

Most of economics is based on the simple

i

behaviour in the endeavour to fulfil

 

idea that people make choices by comparing

 

needs and wants.

 

10

Economics is the study of how people

j

would not exist if scarcity did not force

 

choose to allocate

 

people to make choices.

Ex.9. Look through the text again and replace the words/phrases in italics with similar ones.

1.The term “economics” comes from the Ancient Greek “oikonomia”, the word composed of “oikos” ("house") and “nomos” ( “custom” or “law”), thus, “rules of the house(hold)”.

2.Wants and needs refer to people’s wants to consume certain goods and services.

3.In economic terms, a good is a physical object that can be bought.

4.Economics often uses such categories as factors of production, which are basic elements used to manufacture goods and services.

5.Scarcity exists because people’s wants and needs are greater than the resources available to meet them.

6.The main problem in economics is the question of allocating limited resources between competing uses.

7.That’s why very significant decisions must be made about three basic economic questions: What to produce? For whom to produce? and How to produce?

8.For the purpose of answering this question we need to determine the needs of individual consumers as well as the economy in general.

9.Goods are thus produced for those consumers who demand the goods, and have the ability to pay for the goods demanded.

10.No aspect of life is untouched by economics – despite the fact that it can be hard to convey its central importance in human lives.

Ex.10. Translate into English.

1.Економіка - це наука, що вивчає закони і категорії суспільного виробництва, розподілу, обміну і споживання, методи і форми організації та управління виробництвом.

2.Вивчення кожної науки починається з визначення її предмета, цілей, і методів.

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