NP-1k-short

9.Робоча сила є особистим фактором виробництва і головною творчою продуктивною силою суспільства.

10.Робоча сила - це здатність людини до праці, результатом якої є продукт або благо.

11.Первинними факторами виробництва були земля і праця.

12.Капітал як фактор виробництва - це майно (засоби виробництва), що належать підприємцям або іншим власникам і використовуються в процесі створення товарів і послуг.

13.Особливістю капіталу є те, що він має бути кимось накопичений, створений.

14.Капітал існує лише у продуктивному використанні, саме тоді, коли його власниками одержуються доходи від користування та володіння своїм майном.

15.Обмеженнями використання інформації є здатність користувачів аналізувати, зберігати та відтворювати її.

LANGUAGE SKILLS

Ex.11. Ask questions to which the following sentences may be answers.

1.The choices about an economy’s use of its factors of production, the resources available to it for the production of goods and services.

2.The value, or satisfaction, that people derive from the goods and services they consume and the activities they pursue.

3.Labour, capital, enterprise and natural resources.

4.The human effort that can be applied to the production of goods and services.

5.People who are employed or would like to be.

6.A factor of production that has been produced for use in the production of other goods and services.

7.Office buildings, machinery, and tools.

8.The activities of profit-seeking decision makers who determine which economic activities to undertake and how they should be implemented.

9.The resources of nature that can be used for the production of goods and services.

10.It means all natural resources and agents, with their sites (locations and extensions in space).

11.The capacity of users to analyze, store and retrieve information.

12.Through the selection and compression of information into knowledge and wisdom.

Ex.12. Answer the following questions.

1.What are the choices concerning what goods and services to produce?

2.What does the term “utility” mean?

3.What are the factors of production in an economy?

4.What can be applied to the production of goods and services?

5.What does capital represent?

6.What are natural resources?

7.What does the factor of production land comprise?

8.What does economic land exclude?

9.Why is land supply fixed?

10.In what case will labour’s contribution to productive output increase?

11.What forms of labour are there?

12.What does demand for labour depend on?

13.What is the quantity of labour?

14.What forms of wages are there?

15.What are the salient characteristics of information?

41

Ex.13. From your local paper collect advertisements or articles for each of the factors of production. Labour should be easy - job vacancy adverts. But the others will be slightly more difficult.

Ex.14. Make a presentation of the topic “Factors of production”.

WRITING

Ex.15. Write a plan of your summary based on Text A.

Ex.16. Using your plan as a base, write a brief summary (25-30 sentences) of the text.

Ex.17. Write an essay (100 – 150 words) about:

-the importance of factors of production in an economy.

DISCUSSION POINTS

Ex.18. Discuss the following.

1.How many factors of production are there in an economy? Briefly define each factor of production.

2.Why are the factors interdependent? Explain.

3.What is capital? What is wealth? Give examples.

4.Why is land considered a passive factor of production?

5.How do capital and labour differ from land?

6.How has the workforce changed in Ukraine for the last 25 years?

7.What factors have contributed to those changes?

8.How have those changes affect your life and culture?

9.Why is it important to understand how terms are used in different contexts?

Ex.19. Consider the factors of production that went into the making of one sheet of notebook paper. Name some of them.

Example: Suppose you go to the supermarket and buy a box of corn flakes. Each of factors of production went into the making of this cereal. For example, some of the things used in the production and distribution of the corn flakes are: box-making machinery, fertilizer, a storage warehouse, prairie or farmland, farm machinery, delivery truck and driver, wholesale middleman, retail grocery store, store clerk, etc.

Ex.20. Look through product advertisements in magazines, on the internet, in newspapers, or elsewhere. Choose any two products to investigate.

Cut out the advertisement or draw a picture of each product. Design a chart titled “Factors of Production.” D o this for each product. List all of the resources (land, labour, capital, producer) utilized to create the product. Then, label each resource on your list as land, labour, capital, or business (producer / enterprise).

TEXT B: ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Ex.21. Scan the text below and give headlines to each paragraph.

Entrepreneurship is the ability to see what others who came before missed, to make connections between things that others had not, to get all three other factors to work together to create that which had not existed before. (0) …

(1) … When the market value generated by this new combination of resources is greater than the market value these resources can generate elsewhere individually or in some other combination,

42

the entrepreneur makes a profit. An entrepreneur who takes the resources necessary to produce a pair of jeans that can be sold for thirty dollars and instead turns them into a denim backpack that sells for fifty dollars will earn a profit by increasing the value those resources create. This comparison is possible because in competitive resource markets, an entrepreneur’s costs of production are determined by the prices required to bid the necessary resources away from alternative uses. Those prices will be equal to the value that the resources could create in their next-best alternate uses. Because the price of purchasing resources measures this opportunity cost — the value of the forgone alternatives — the profit entrepreneurs make reflects the amount by which they have increased the value generated by the resources under their control.

Now, who is an entrepreneur? One example was a young man who was born in Bavaria in 1829 and emigrated in 1847 with his family to New York City, where his older brother opened a dry goods store (a store selling clothes, cloth, shoes, hats, almost anything but food). (2) … He became a supplier to the increasing number of miners following the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill.

He was a good businessman and his store thrived. He was so trustworthy and successful that one of his customers, Jacob Davis of Reno, Nevada, came to him with an idea. Davis was a tailor, and his customers complained that their pants started to come apart in the same places over and over, the pockets and seams. He had developed a way to rivet these stress points and used a strong fabric often used for work clothes, serge. (3) … The San Francisco merchant saw the possibilities and became Davis' partner, and their patent was granted on May 20, 1873.

The merchant had been born Loeb Strauss, but when he became a citizen in 1853, he changed it to Levi. (4) … Even though much of the company's early history was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco Fire, May 20 is still celebrated by the company as the birthday of blue jeans.

Often the entrepreneur is not the person or persons who actually create the new good or service.

(5)… For example, Oliver Winchester was a successful shirt maker, but he bought the patents for the Henry lever-action repeating rifle. His faith in this invention, along with his efforts in marketing it, made it the most widely known rifle of its day and earned it the nickname of "The Gun That Won the West."

Does this mean that entrepreneurs aren't creative? Not at all! Quite the opposite, but theirs is a different kind of creativity. Often an inventor, an artist, a composer, a writer will know his or her area of interest but not know how to make others aware of their creations.

(6)… Incidentally, entrepreneurs also reward those who came up with the new ideas in the first place, which encourages them to make more and better creations. People are much more likely to be creative and productive when they are promised a reward than when they are threatened with punishment if they don't create. This promise of a reward is called incentive, and incentives are possible only when there is profit.

The entrepreneur makes sure this situation happens, because when the others profit, so does the entrepreneur. He or she is no different from other members of society. The entrepreneur wants a comfortable life, and he or she realizes that the best way to do this is to get the cooperation of others. (7) … In a free market, no one can be forced to do anything against their interest, so the entrepreneur must motivate and organize for everyone's benefit.

Ex.22. Read the text. Choose the best sentence A-G to fill each of the gaps 1-7. Do not use any sentence more than once. There is an example at the beginning.

0 It is this insight, this creativity, that makes the other three factors productive.

A In 1853, he became a U.S. citizen and sailed to San Francisco to open a branch of his brother's store.

B Rather, he or she is the one who has the vision of how that idea can be turned into reality for the benefit of everyone.

C That is achieved by appealing to what motivates others, because people tend to do what's in their best interest.

D Entrepreneurship is the process of discovering new ways of combining resources. E He thought it was a good idea but lacked the $68 it took to file a patent.

43

FThe entrepreneur's creativity finds ways for the ideas to enter the marketplace and be of benefit to all of society.

GSimilarly, the pants he made were originally called "waist overalls," and it was not until about 1960 that they were popularly called jeans.

Ex.23. Read the text again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

Correct the false statements.

1.Entrepreneurship is the ability to see what others who came before missed.

2.An entrepreneur who takes the resources necessary to produce a pair of jeans that can be sold for thirty dollars and instead turns them into a denim backpack that sells for fifty dollars will suffer losses by increasing the value those resources create.

3.The profit entrepreneurs make reflects the amount by which they have increased the value generated by the resources under their control.

4.Loeb Strauss was born in Bavaria in 1847.

5.Loeb Strauss became a supplier to the increasing number of miners following the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill.

6.Jacob Davis was a good businessman and his store thrived.

7.Jacob Davis was a tailor.

8.Jacob Davis, when he became a citizen in 1853, changed his name to Levi.

9.Oliver Winchester was a successful jeans maker, but he bought the patents for the Henry lever-action repeating rifle.

10.The entrepreneur wants a comfortable life, and he or she realizes that the best way to do this is to get the cooperation of others.

Ex.24. Answer the following questions.

1.What is entrepreneurship?

2.When does the entrepreneur make a profit?

3.What are an entrepreneur’s costs of production determined by in competitive resource markets?

4.What does the entrepreneurs’ profit reflect?

5.Who is an entrepreneur?

6.With which idea did Jacob Davis come to Loeb Strauss?

7.How did Loeb Strauss become Levi Strauss?

8.When is the birthday of blue jeans celebrated?

9.How did Oliver Winchester make his rifle known as "The Gun That Won the West"?

10.Are entrepreneurs creative?

11.When are people much more likely to be creative and productive?

TEXT C: FACTORS OF PRODUCTION FOR AN INNOVATION ECONOMY Ex.25. Before reading

Can you anticipate what an innovation economy is?

Ex.26. Reading

(1) Many years ago, economists from the industrial revolution identified three variables (productive inputs) for building industries; Land, Labour, and Capital. The rate of output was related to how these inputs were combined. If any of these factors of production were missing, the other two had little or no utility for production. The concept of Land, Labour, and Capital is still the foundation of much of today’s economic thought.

44

To demonstrate how these productive inputs might appear in an innovation economy, consider the following example:

(8)Suppose that we take 5 mechanical engineers and lock them in a room with instructions to build a better mouse trap, they’ll emerge with a better shingle, a better spring, a better whacker, and a better trigger – but not necessarily a better mousetrap. Suppose that we now put a dog catcher, an engineer, a plastics manufacturer, an artist, and the mother of 4 rowdy children together with the same task. We can be quite certain that innovation will occur. They may actually come up with an excellent mouse trap.

(9)Innovation Economics will bring the factors of production together in diverse combination rather than similar combination. In an Innovation Economy, the “secret sauce” for the production of innovation becomes far more valuable than any single innovation itself. The secret sauce provides a monopoly on dynamic repeatability rather than a static device. As such, technologies can be open sourced and innovation crowd sourced across a much wider domain of possible user applications. Such conditions will change the type of innovations that are favoured to reflect the broad and sweeping social priorities rather than innovations that are easy to patent, protect, and monopolize.

Task 1. Discuss what Dan Roblescould mean when he said that the rate of output was related to how the inputs (Land, Labour, and Capital) were combined. (para. 1)

Task 2. Explain how you understand Dan Robles’s ‘knowledge economy’.(para. 2) Task 3. If something is innovative, is it

a)recently made, built, invented, written, designed etc;

b)more difficult to understand;

c)new, different, and better than those that existed before?

Task 4. How does the author describe Intellectual, Social and Creative Capital? (paras 3-

6)

Task 5. What does the author mean by “mouse trap building”? (para. 8) What place does he focus on in the above text?

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

In the office

Ex.1. Look at the pictures below and say which of them is

a)a meeting room;

b)a director’s office;

c)a receptionist’s (secretary’s) office.

fig.1

46

fig.2

fig.3

answering machine, calculator, calendar, computer, correction pen/fluid, desk tidy, desk lamp, fax (machine), file, filing tray, filing cabinet, hole punch, indoor plants, keyboard, laser printer, memo sheets, mouse mat, notepad, notice board, paper clips, (photo)copier, pigeonholes, post-it, printout, rubber (Am. eraser), scanner, sharpener, stapler, staples, staple remover, stick of glue, (tele)phone, telephone directory, text marker, in /out tray, wastepaper basket (Am. bin), workstation

Ex.3. It so happens that many people spend more time in their office than at home. What things do you think can be used to decorate or personalise an office without spoiling its professional image? Discuss it with your partner.

Ex.4. Describe a room where a secretary/a receptionist works, their workstation and office equipment they usually use.

Ex.5. Rosa works as a chief executive secretary in a large industrial company. a) Which of the following statements do you think are true of her in her job?

47

1.She works at a computer most of the time, where she writes letters and reports.

2.She does quite a lot of general paperwork, e.g. filing reports, answering letters and others.

3.She makes a lot of phone calls.

4.She sends faxes occasionally.

5.She often shows people around the office.

6.Every time she takes part in the negotiations as an interpreter.

7.She arranges meetings for her boss and other managers in the company.

8.She attends all the conferences or meetings in the company.

b) Describe Rosa’s job and her everyday duties.

Ex.6. Read the following two texts about office equipment.

Photocopying machine or (photo) copier.

Walk into almost any business office, and you'll probably find a photocopier ("copier") with a line of people waiting to use it. For most businesses, small or large, the copier has become standard equipment, much like having a desk to work at and a chair to sit on.

It’s pretty amazing to think that, in mere seconds, you can produce an exact replica of what’s on a sheet of paper!

The procedure of producing a copy is very simple.

1.Make sure the photocopier is plugged into a power source.

2.Turn the photocopier on.

3.Open the copier lid.

4.Place the document to be photocopied face-down on the

glass.

5.Select the options you want (number of pages, enlargements, lighter/darker).

6.Press the button “Start”.

Fax machine or fax

Even though traditional fax machine is fast being replaced by e-mail and Internet fax services, this workplace workhorse is still used for transmitting information. They are easy to use and resemble dialing a telephone. Here are some basic instructions for sending a fax.

1.Make sure the fax machine is plugged in, powered and connected to a working phone jack. Turn on the fax machine.

2.Fill out a piece of paper called a coversheet with the information about the recipient’s name, his fax

number, your phone number, a short message intended for the recipient, number of pages (including coversheet).

3. Lay the documents face-up in the fax machine feeder tray with the coversheet on top.

4.Dial the recipient’s fax number.

5.Press the ‘fax’ or ‘send’ button, depending on the particular fax machine model.

As soon as all of the pages have been scanned into the memory of the fax machine, you’ll hear a series of signals which mean establishing a communication link. Wait for a few minutes as the fax is sent and then see a short confirmation report.

Ex.7. Explain to your new colleague how to use

a photocopier;

48

a fax machine;

a scanner;

a printer.

You may need the following phrases and linking words:

First, you must …. Then, you have to … (it’s necessary).

You needn’t /You don’t have to … (it’s not necessary).

If you press this key, the computer prints out the reading.

If you press this key by mistake, you’ll lose all the data.

Work in pairs

Ex.8. Read these mini-dialogues and role-play them.

1.

O. Bruno, can you send us your pricelist by fax?

B. Sure. I’ll fax you right now. What’s your fax number?

O. 38 for Ukraine, 044 for Kyiv, then 455 77 07.

B. OK. I’ve got that.

2.

B. Have you got my fax, Oleg? Is everything legible?

O. You’re not going to believe this, but the paper got stuck and the machine jammed. B. No problem. I’ll send it through again.

3.

S. Will you be using the photocopier for long, Sue? D. No. Why?

S. OK. I’ll wait then. I need to make a copy of the report for our meeting.

4.

S. Will you be using the photocopier for long, Danielle?

D. Oh, yes. I’ve got a pile of papers to copy.

S. Sorry, could you stop for a minute and let me make one copy, please? Our boss needs it urgently.

Ex.9. Complete the dialogues. 1.

A.__________________________________________?

B.Sure. I’ll fax you right now. What’s your fax number?

A.__________________________________________

B.OK. I’ve got that.

2.

A.Have you got my fax, Berta? Is everything legible?

B.__________________________________________

A.No problem. I’ll send it through again.

3.

A.__________________________________________?

B.No. Why?

A. __________________________________________

Ex.10. Now make dialogues of your own and role-play them with your partner.

49

GRAMMAR

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Ex.1. Read and translate the sentences. Write out the verbs in the Present Perfect.

1.Alex has always wanted to go to Tibet, but he has never had such a chance.

2.Put your wallet away, I’ve already paid for everything.

3.Gabi has just told me that she is getting married.

4.Where did you buy that round Persian rug you’ve got in the hall?

5.You’ve missed her – if you hurry, you’ll catch her in the street.

6.I often see this guy but I have never spoken to him.

7.I have a gut feeling that he has failed the interview.

8.Dick has been out of work for about a year, and he has been desperate all this time.

9.Calm down, Liz. John has just phoned! He has got the job!

-Has he? Oh, I’m so glad for him. It has never been easy to find a job, particularly a good one. 10.- You’re right. There has been an increase in unemployment in our country recently.

-Moreover, the situation is getting worse and worse these days.

Ex.2. The Present Perfect: full and short forms.

Task A: Change the full Present Perfect forms to contractions:

1.I have forgotten her address. – I’ve forgotten her address.

2.I have not noticed anything so far. – I haven’t noticed anything so far.

3.You have said that. – _____________________________________________.

4.It (The train) has already arrived. – ___________________________________.

5.It has not rained this month. – _______________________________________.

6.Dr. Adamson is not here. He has just left. – ____________________________.

7.Look! She has caught a big fish! – ___________________________________.

8.Patricia has not been at home for three years. – _________________________.

9.We have never enjoyed Christmas as much as this one. – _________________.

10.They have been here before. – _______________________________________.

Task B: Are these contractions has or is?

1.She’s arrived. → She has arrived.

2.She’s tired. → She is tired.

3.He’s worried.

4.He’s eaten.

5.She’s outgrown all her school clothes.

6.The dog’s escaped.

7.The cat’s hungry.

8.She’s ill.

9.She’s had a cold.

10.She’s never met his ex-wife.

50