uchebnik-po-angliyskomu-yaziku-dlya-gumanitariev

valuable contributions to world science, which profoundly in fluenced the work of the progressive scientists of his time. It is difficult to enumerate his many sided scientific activities.

In 1986 the 275 anniversary of his birth was widely celebrated throughout the world.

“Lomonosov was a great man,” Pushkin wrote. “It was he who founded the first Russian University and he himself was our first University.” Lomonosov was a complete master of natural sciences especially in chemistry and physics, and it was with Lomonosov that geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, physical chemistry, mining and many other branches of science began. He took great interest in history and mathematics and he is con sidered to be the founder of Russian materialistic philosophy. Besides all this Lomonosov is known to have been a poet. His lit erary works remain the most significant pages of Russian liter ature, which profoundly influenced the development of Russian poetry. Actually it is with Lomonosov that our literature began.

M. Lomonosov attached great importance to the development of the Russian language. He reformed Russian grammar and is known to be the author of the first Russian grammar book and the first to use the Russian language in scientific books. In addition to Russian Lomonosov had a perfect command of many foreign languages such as Latin, French, German and ancient Greek.

In addition to all this Lomonosov was a prominent Russian artist for he is known to have made a great contribution to the development of Russian pictorial art.

Lomonosov’s life was full of difficulties and obstacles, which he had to overcome. The son of a peasant he was born in 1711 in the northern coastal village of Denisovka not far from Archan gel. His father wanted Michail to become a fisherman and when he was ten years of age, he began to take him to sea fishing. The dangerous life of a fisherman taught Lomonosov to observe the phenomena of nature.

While being still young Lomonosov displayed great abili ties for learning and he mastered reading and writing through church books. But he was refused admission to the town school for it was almost impossible for a peasant’s son to receive an ed

ucation at that time. Nevertheless Lomonosov’s desire to study was so great that at the age of 19 he started to Moscow on foot to enter the Slavonic Greek Latin Academy. To be accepted to the Academy he had to hide his peasant origin. At the Academy Lomonosov began learning Latin — the language of science of his days and mastered it in a short period of time.

His life at the Academy was very hard, for 3 kopecks a day was the only money he received. He experienced great want during his student years and later on in Germany where he was sent to complete his studies among three other best students. To win the right to engage in scientific research he had to overcome numerous obstacles.

Lomonosov spent no more than ten years at school and be came a prominent scientist. His scientific career which lasted but 25 years was marked by a striking capacity for work, de votion to lofty humanistic ideals of science and desire to serve his people and his country. In these 25 years he carried out a gigantic amount of work in various branches of science, engi neering and art: he carried on laboratory experimental work in physics and chemistry, wrote dissertations and books on natural sciences, was busy at a glass making factory, made reports on his research, lectured to students, was engaged in writing text books on physics, physical chemistry, mining, history, Russian grammar, etc.

Besides his scientific and research activities Lomonosov car ried out large scale organizational work and devoted much time to different problems connected with practical application of natural sciences. Thus he is known to have built the first glass factory in Russia and to have established the first chemical lab oratory.

In addition to all this Lomonosov fought for educating his people and he is sure to have done his best to establish schools all over the country. Thus, he has all the right to be called a great Russian educationalist.

By the end of his life Lomonosov had been elected honorary member of a number of foreign academies. Lomonosov died at the age of 54, on April 15, 1765. He is widely known and greatly honoured in our country. Moscow University bears his name and

б) to engage in scientific research; the author of the book; to experience want; to learn by experience; to be profoundly influ enced; scientific discoveries; to make an invaluable contribution to; a complete master; achievements in science and engineering; to win a football match; to observe natural phenomena; to over come numerous obstacles; a coastal village; to hide one’s ori gin; the origin of man; a peasant’s son; to reveal knowledge; to have an excellent knowledge of a subject; to carry out a gigantic amount of work; to carry on experiments; to give one’s word of honour; an educational establishment; an educational mag azine; methods of education; an experienced teacher; to erect a monument; lofty ideals; to mark the anniversary; to attach importance to;

в) 1. He had a good command of many ancient languages. 2. Ad mission to the concert was free of charge. 3. He was not afraid of the dangerous life of a fisherman for he was a brave man. 4. This is the only road to the lake. 5. He was engaged in looking through scientific magazines when we entered the study. 6. My time is fully engaged. 7. In addition to English we decided to begin learning French. 8. This museum possesses invaluable art treasures. 9. He devotes all his energy and time to his new hobby of collecting valuable pictures. 10. To tell him all the truth is a matter of honour for you. 11. He found practical application for his knowledge in this branch of science. 12. The application of synthetic materials in industry is being introduced on a large scale nowadays. 13. He had a profound knowledge of natural sciences. 14. We honour this scientist for his profound learning and many sided activities. 15. Thus, having hidden his origin

Lomonosov was able to enter the Academy. 16. Her graduation project is considered to be perfect. 17. The managing director of our company attaches great importance to the improvement of living conditions of the people. 18. I attach great importance to these facts.

Exercises To Be Done in Class

6. Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания:

сделать вклад в науку; свободно владеть иностранным язы ком; проявить способность; занять (выиграть) первое место; испытывать нужду; преодолевать препятствия; жизнь, пол ная трудностей; наука и техника; естественные науки; полу чить образование; желание учиться; за короткий промежу ток времени; сын крестьянина; в дополнение; таким образом; так как; придавать значение

7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is Lomonosov? 2. Did his work profoundly influence that of his contemporary scientists? 3. Were his scientific activ ities many sided? In what branches of science was he engaged? 4. Did he have a perfect command of many foreign languages? Of which ones? 5. Who was the first to use the Russian language in scientific books? 6. Was his life full of difficulties? 7. What did his father want him to be? 8. What did the dangerous life of a fisherman teach him? 9. What did Lomonosov reveal at an early age? 10. Why was he refused admission to the town school?

11.What did Lomonosov have to do to enter the Academy?

12.Did he experience great want during his student years?

13.What was Lomonosov sent abroad for? 14. What did he have to overcome on his way to science? 15. How many years did Lomonosov spend at school? 16. How many years did his scien tific career last? 17. What can you say about his large scale orga nizational work? 18. What did he fight for? 19. Had Lomonosov been elected a member of a number of foreign academies by the end of his life? 20. When did he die? 21. Why can one say that Lomonosov is highly honoured in our country?

8. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1. Lomonosov’s literary works deeply influenced the develop ment of Russian literature. 2. Lomonosov built the first glass making factory in our country. 3. Lomonosov had to overcome numerous obstacles to win the right to engage in scientific re search.

10. Прочтите текст еще раз и ответьте по английски на вопросы:

1.What are Lomonosov’s art works highly estimated for?

2.What does the mural “The Poltav Battle” represent (изобра жать)? 3. Why are some of Lomonosov’s mosaic works consid ered to be masterpieces?

11. Прочтите текст и выразите свое мнение по поводу изложенных в нем взгля дов:

Entertainments

During the past hundred years, the radio, the cinema and television have made very great changes in the entertainments with which people fill their free time.

A hundred years ago people knew how to entertain themselves much better than they do now. When a group of people gathered together, they talked, played cards or other games, read aloud to each other, or went out shooting or walking together. Most people could sing a little, or play a musical instrument, so at a party the guests entertained each other.

Conversation (разговор, беседа) was an art, amusing (to amuse — развлекать, забавлять) conversation could keep peo ple happy for hours.

As for games, such as football, tennis, people played them more often than they do now. Most of them didn’t play very well, but they could amuse themselves and their friends.

Nowadays we are entertained by professionals. Why listen to your friends singing when you can hear the greatest singer of the world on the radio? Why play football with players who are not very good at it, when you can go by train or car to see some of the best players in your country playing an important match; or, just sit comfortably at home and watch the game on TV without going outside at all?

The art of conversation and writing letters is dying. People are becoming more and more lookers and listeners and less and less doers and talkers though it’s much better to do something not very well oneself than always to sit and watch others doing it.

Additional Material for Oral Speech Practice. Speech Patterns and Flashes

of Conversation

1. Переведите:

1.Что я могу сделать для вас, сэр?

2.Мне нужен номер.

1.Одноместный?

2.Нет, двухместный с ванной, пожалуйста.

1.У нас есть такой номер на первом этаже.

2.Спасибо. Сколько он стоит?

1.... долларов в сутки. (per night) Сколько дней вы собирае тесь пробыть здесь?

2.Две недели.

1.Как ваша фамилия? Вот бланк. (form) Заполните его, по жалуйста.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Do you sometimes go on business? 2. What country (or town) did you go on business last? 3. Where do you usually stay when you go on business? 4. Do you make reservations at hotels?

5.What accommodation do you usually prefer and reserve?

6.What facilities are there at hotels where you stay? 7. Are you usually satisfied with the service there?

3. Прочтите диалог и воспроизведите его с собеседником:

1.Excuse me, is there a post office nearby?

2.Yes, there is a post office not far from here.

1.Can you tell me the way there, please?

2.Well, keep straight along this street as far as the traffic lights, then turn to the left and walk straight as far as the high building on the right. You won’t miss the post office.

1.How long will it take me to walk there?

2.Not more than 5 minutes, I think.

1.Thank you very much.

2.Not at all.

4. Прочтите три однотипных диалога и заполните пропуски в четырех после дующих, следуя образцам:

1

1.I have recently gone on business.

2.Pardon? What did you say? I didn’t quite catch you.

1.I said I had recently been on business.

2

1.We have booked tickets in advance.

2.Pardon? What did you say? I didn’t quite catch you.

1.I said we had booked tickets in advance.

3

1.Her mother took care of the children.

2.Pardon? What did you say?

1. I said her mother had taken care of the children.

4

1.I have just returned from Sweden.

2.Pardon? What did you say? I didn’t quite catch you.

1.I said that ...

5

1.It took me an hour to get to the hotel.

2.Pardon? What did you say? I didn’t quite catch you.

1.I said that ...

6

1.The meeting lasted more than two hours.

2.Pardon? What did you say? I didn’t quite catch you.

1.I said that ...

7

1.It was necessary to book accommodation in advance.

2.Pardon? What did you say?

1. I said that ...