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Английский язык. Учебник 1 курс

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This was a primary school which children usually go to from the ages of five to eleven. And then, at eleven we took an exam called the eleven plus. If we passed that we could go to grammar school, and if we failed we had to go to secondary school, which wasn’t usually of such good quality. I think the system is changed a bit now. Fortunately, I passed my eleven plus. There were all kinds of general knowledge questions and things that, basically, you can work out if you’ve got any common sense.

Then I went to a grammar school. That was also quite a good school. It was good for languages. So from the age of eleven and say sixteen when we took our “O” levels, which were “Ordinary” level exams, we studied about nine subjects.

My favourite teacher was in fact my Russian teacher. She was a French teacher who was married to a very old Russian emigrant. I was the only one studying Russian, but it was good because it meant I had private lessons. However, this made it more demanding because I always had to do my homework and there was no excuse.

So at the age of sixteen we took “O” level exams, and then some people left after that. That was one option or we could go on to a technical college or “Tech”, and study some kind of technical or computer studies, or we could stay on for another two years, as I did, and take “A” levels, which are Advanced level exams. I took “A” levels in English Literature, Russian and Spanish, which, in retrospect, wasn’t a very good idea, because I had to read so many books. I had to sit and read Tolstoy, Dickens and Cervantes.

At the age of about eighteen, in August, everybody in my year was waiting for their “A” level results to see if they got high enough grades to go on to university. We had to apply for five universities, which we put on a list, with the best one at the top. If you want to go to Oxford or Cambridge, of course, you have to put that as number one, and then it goes down, so Oxford and Cambridge would have to be the first, and then maybe Bristol, Manchester, Leeds, and the rest. The Scottish universities are very good. The universities require a certain grade – “A” to “C” are passes. “A” is the best, followed by “B”, then “C”. Usually they ask for three “C”s or above, I passed, fortunately, and I went to Leeds University, which was my first choice, because it had a very good Russian department, and I studied Russian and Spanish.

University usually lasts for three or four years. We were lucky, as when I was at university we were given a grant, or a lump sum of money to live on, and we didn’t have to pay it back. The amount you got was graded according to your parents’ income. So, if your parents didn’t have very much money you got a full grant, which was not a lot of money, but you could live on it. So you could pay your rent, get food and go out quite a lot, as well as buy your books. Going to live in Leeds in the North was better, because things

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were much cheaper than if I had been in London, where I imagine it’s very difficult for a student to survive, especially these days.

At university, it’s quite different from being at school because you have to rely on your own motivation. I know a lot of people who just didn’t go to any of their classes because they weren’t compulsory.

It was three years of enjoying yourself, basically, studying what you wanted to study, being away from home for the first time, and having some money and being able to go out to parties and concerts. For the first year, I lived in a hall of residence, which was a bit like being in a boarding school. There were lots of eighteen-year olds away from home for the first time, and of course they couldn’t cook, and they weren’t used to doing their own washing or looking after themselves. So this was good, because we had to learn to look after ourselves, cooking and cleaning, and at the same time finding time to study for our finals.

Final exams at university were based on the whole three years’ studies, so there was a lot to learn and it was quite stressful in July when exam time came round. Some people think that this is not a good idea. And that it would be better if there was some sort of system of continuous assessment. Because there are a lot of people who do very well all year, and work very hard, but when it comes to doing exams they just go crazy with stress and can’t remember anything when it comes to the three hour exam you have to do. So, I would be more in favour of that because I don’t think three hours can fairly represent how much you have learnt in three years.

2.3.2. Выберите заголовок, наиболее соответствующий содержанию текста:

1.School And University Life

2.Ways of Student Life

3.Schooling

4.My Education

2.3.3.Ролевая игра.

ВМоскве проходит международная студенческая конференция. Все студенты общаются и расспрашивают друг друга о тех учебных заведениях, в которых они учатся (Оксфордский универстет, Токийский унверситет, Университет в Торонто, Мичиганский университет, Туринский университет, Варшавский университет, Московский университет и т.д.).

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Раздел 2.4.

2.4.1. Письменно составьте вопросы разного типа из данных слов.

They/have just gone/ out/? What have they done? Who has gone out?

1./I/ have just spoken/ to him/? 2. She /has never been/ to Paris/?

3.I / have been/ very busy/ lately/? 4. They /have not/ come/ yet/? 5. Sue/ has already bought/ a new house/? 6. Mike / has met/ her today/? 7. We / have watched/ interesting programs/ on TV/this week/? 8. I / have seen/ this film/ three times/? 9. He /has lived/ in this house /for many years/? 10. She / has been married/ for three years/?

2.4.2. Письменно составьте вопросы разного типа из данных слов.

He/has already heard/the news/? Has he heard the news yet? What has he heard?

Who has already heard the news?

1. They/ have already bought/ a new /house/? 2. My parents /have already returned/ from Spain/? 3. The lesson/has already begun/? 4. She/ has already read /this/ story/? 5. They/ have already paid /all/ the bills/? 6. They /have just arrived /from London/? 7. We/ have had /three/ lectures/ today/? 8. You/ have studied/ some /economic/ laws /this month/? 9. I /have read/ this novel/ twice/? 10. He/ has called /you /three times/?

2.4.3. Письменно составьте вопросы разного типа из данных слов.

The lesson /had begun/ before they came/? Had the lesson begun before they came? What had begun before they came?

1. My friend /had left /when we arrived/? 2. We /had left /an hour before he returned/? 3. They/ had done/ that work/ by last Friday/? 4. Before we went sightseeing /we /had studied/ the map/? 5 They/ had sold /all the tickets/ by the time I called/? 6. We /had studied/ the train schedule /before we went to the booking office/? 7. By the time he came /we /had cleaned/ the house/? 8. They /had paid/ all the bills before they left for home/? 9. They /had visited /their granny/ before they left Moscow/? 10. Our manager// had signed the contract/ when I came to the office/?

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2.4.4. Письменно составьте вопросы разного типа из данных слов.

She/ will have done/ her /work/ by Friday/? Will she have done her work by Friday? Whose work will she have done by Friday? What will she have done by Friday?

1. My father/ will have booked/ the tickets/ by that date/? 2. The lesson/ will have begun /when they come/? 3. He/will have comefrom his trip/ by tomorrow/? 4. They/ will have sold/ their car/ by next month/? 5. Tom/ will have written/ his report/ by that time/? 6. Mother/ will have prepared/ the dinner/ when we come/? 7. I /will have called/ him/by that time/? 8. The clerk/ will have printed/ the papers/ by next Wednesday/ 9. He/ will have signed/ the papers/ by noon/? 10. Jane/ will have answered/ the letter/ by that time/?

2.4.5. Письменно составьте вопросы разного типа из данных слов.

It /has been raining/ since morning/? Since when has it been raining?

He/has been writing / his report/ for three hours? How long has he been writing his report?

1. He /has been working /at this problem /since August/? 2. They/ have been studying /the contract/ for two hours/? 3. The managers /have been discussing/ this matter/ for half an hour/? 4. They/ have been dancing /since nine/? 5. She/ has been speaking/ on the phone/ for half an hour/? 6. The children/ have been watching/ TV/ since morning/? 7. He/ has been reading/ since three o’clock/? 8. They/ have been doing/ this work/ for two hours/? 9. You/ have been dancing/ since nine/? 10. My boss /has been writing/ a report/ for two hours/?

2.4.6.Письменно составьте вопросы разного типа из данных слов.

It had been raining /for an hour /when they left/? How long had it been raining when they left?

He/ had been writing/ his report/ since morning/ when his friends called him/?

Since when had he been writing his report when his friends called him?

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1. They/ had been doing /this work/ for several days/ when they got this offer/? 2. The clerks /had been preparing /the documents/ for an hour/ when their boss came/? 3. We /had been skiing /for half an hour /when the snowfall began/? 4. I /had been cooking/ for an hour/ when my friends came/? 5. The children/ had been watching/ TV/ for two hours/ when mother switched it off/? 6. They /had been discussing /the contract /since 10 a.m./when they finally came to an agreement/? 7. He /had been having/ a shower/ for ten minutes/ when/ this TV program began/? 8. The car/had been running/ well /since August when the accident happened/? 9. By the time I finished my shopping/ I /had been walking/ for three hours/? 10. He /had been playing/ tennis/ for some years/ before he could play well/?

2.4.7. Письменно составьте вопросы разного типа из данных слов.

Ann /will have been working /for/two hours/ when she finishes her composition/?

How long will Ann been working when she finishes her composition? Who will have been working for two hours?

1. I /will have been working/ over this article/ for a week/ by next Monday/? 2. He/ will have been watching / this program/ for twenty minutes/ when his friend comes/? 3. She /will have been having/ a shower/ for ten minutes /when the film begins/? 4. He/ will have been washing/ his car/ for some minutes/ when the mechanic comes/? 5. The managers /will have been discussing /this matter/ for half an hour/ when the boss come/? 6. They/ will have been having talks/ for two hours /when they come to an agreement/? 7. The children /will have been watching/ TV/ for an hour/ when mother comes/? 8. When I return /the children/will have been playing/ computer games/ for forty minutes/? 9. When we come to the conclusion/ I /will have been discussing/ this problem /with my friends/ for some time/? 10. He will have been working / at this problem/ for a month/ when he makes an experiment/?

2.4.8. Заполните таблицу, пользуясь словарем.

Noun

Verb

 

Adjective

Adverb

note

note

 

notable

notably

 

 

 

 

commonly

 

 

 

major

 

law

 

 

 

 

 

specify

 

 

 

 

 

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БЛОК III

Грамматика: Passive Voice.

Словообразование.

Тема: English Customs And Traditions

Раздел 3.1

3.1.1. Отработайте произношение данных слов и словосочетаний, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю:

consideration n

внимание

take into consideration

принимать во внимание, учитывать

faithfulness n

верность, честность

trait n

особенность, свойство

desire n

желание, страсть

retain v

удерживать, сохранять

behaviour n

поведение, поступки

initial adj

начальная, заглавная

contemporary adj

современный

point n

точка, пункт, вопрос

point of view

точка зрения

differentiate v

отличать, различать

sharp adj

острый

completely adv

совершенно, полностью

accustom v

приучать

extremely adv

крайне, чрезвычайно

experience n

опыт

slightly adv

слегка, немного

rent v

арендовать

extreme n

крайность, чрезмерность

absurd n

абсурд

forbid v (forbade, for-

запрещать, не давать сделать

bidden)

 

force v

заставлять силой

entire adj

полный, целый

supply n

запас

inconvenience n

неудобство, беспокойство

tap n

пробка, затычка

imagine v

воображать, представлять себе

 

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fill up v

заполнять, наполнять

washbasin n

умывальная раковина

communal adj

общественный, коммунальный

fade v

увядать

rinse v

полоскать, ополосуться

instead adv

вместо, взамен

advert n

объявление

(advertisement)

 

remain v

оставаться, пребывать

silent adj

молчаливый

order n

порядок, последовательность

in order to

для того, чтобы

content n

содержимое, содержание

ensure v

обеспечивать, гарантировать,

total adj

всеобщий

3.1.2. Прочитайте текст и назовите, какие национальные особенности отметил автор статьи:

ENGLISH CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

No discussion on the English way of life, or indeed anything to do with England, is possible without taking into consideration such important aspects of the English character as their faithfulness to traditions, or as some people prefer to call this trait, conservatism. Indeed this desire to retain ways of life and behaviour, rituals and customs in their initial form sometimes leads to what are, from a contemporary and non-English point of view, absurdities. This desire is what differentiates the English from most other nations, and is the subject of sharp criticism from the latter but, at the same time, makes England an interesting place to visit as a tourist.

We can start with a well known fact that in English cars the steering wheel is on the right and they drive on the left. The English steadfastly stick to their old system and do not want to become “like everybody else”. Theoretically, there is not a big difference. The problem starts when you get behind the wheel, because it is in completely different position from that to which you have grown accustomed. Two balancing factors should be noted. The first is that it is extremely inconvenient, a lot more so than you imagined. The second is that you get used to it very quickly. Your first experience of independent travel around England is probably going to be slightly unpleasant, amusing and sometimes sad, all at the same time, and so when you rent a car in England do not forget to take out good insurance.

The desire to keep everything the way that it is, sometimes taken to absurd extremes, has penetrated every aspect of English life and is rising no-

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ticeably year on year as a way of preserving the distinctive national character. The struggle against any kind of innovation affects English houses. It is forbidden to make any changes to them, unless they are modern buildings, but most English prefer to live in old houses. The ban on changing even windows and doors in these old houses forces the entire country to do without doubleglazed windows, which can be cold.

Such loyalty to old traditions almost never fails to move you. But English piping, plumbing and the water supply system usually give rise to a number of inconveniences which never fail to cause surprise among foreign users. It is hard to understand how anybody could find it convenient washing under two separate taps, one with hot and the other with cold water. At home it is possible to imagine filling up the washbasin and then splashing yourself from there. But this separation is a complete mystery when it comes to stations, restaurants, hostels, in a word any communal place, and in this case the desire to wash yourself fades away completely.

It gets worse. The traditional English bath (and they are in the majority, with the only exceptions being hotels in large cities) has two separate taps and no shower. According to this surprising national idea you should fill it with water, and some sort of bath salts, luxuriate in that, wash his head and then get out without rinsing off. Note that hotels which have installed a modern shower instead are less popular among the locals and adverts will particularly play on the fact that the hotel has a traditional bathroom.

The French, who are the main opponents of the English and have had the bravery to criticize them (everybody else prefers to remain silent so as not to put their foot in it), believe that all of this is done specially in order to inconvenience foreigners. The English themselves instinctively feel a deeprunning link between form and content: change one and you will inevitably change the other. Preserving two taps, steering wheels on the right ultimately helps to ensure their national integrity and protects the distinctive national traits of their character in the face of total globalisation.

3.1.3. Прочитайте текст ещё раз. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста:

1.When you rent a car you can do well without insurance.

1.English faithfulness to traditions can be called conservatism.

2.The English are criticized because they don’t stick to their traditions.

3.The English drive on the right.

4.It’s very difficult to get used to driving on the left.

5.The desire to retain rituals and customs in their initial form never leads to absurdities.

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6.The desire to keep everything the way that it is may be called globalisation.

7.The English put innovations to their old houses.

8.They prefer to live in modern new houses.

10.They do without modern double-glazed windows. 11.It is very convenient to wash under two separate taps.

12.Any communal place in England has got the same sinks with two taps. 13.Most hotels have got traditional English bathrooms.

14.Most locals prefer to stay at the hotel with traditional bathroom. 15.It is pleasant to get out of the bath without rinsing off.

16.The Spanish are the main opponents of the English. 17.Other nations prefer to remain silent.

18.Faithfulness to traditions helps the English to ensure their national identity.

19.The English want to inconvenience foreigners. 20.They feel the deep link between form and content.

3.1.4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. (Работа в парах)

1.What should one take into consideration when discussing the English way of life?

2. What does it sometimes lead to?

3.What desire differentiates the English from most other nations?

4.Do you think it is an interesting place to visit? Why?

5.How do they drive?

6.And how do we drive in this country?

7.Can one get used to drive on the left quickly?

8.What are you recommended to do if you rent a car to travel around England?

9.What has penetrated every aspect of English life?

10.Do the English want to change their houses?

11.Where do most English prefer to live?

12.Why do they do without modern double-glazed windows?

13.How do the English wash in a traditional house?

14.Do you do it in the same way in Russia?

15.What is so special in the traditional English bath?

16.Do you think you will use more water taking a shower than running a bath?

17.Who are the main opponents of the English?

18.Why does everybody except the French prefer to remain silent? 19.What do the Frenchmen believe?

20.What do the English instinctively feel?

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3.1.5. Просмотрите текст и найдите фразам, данным в левой колонке (1-8) подходящее завершение в правой колонке (a-h).

1.

This desire to retain way of life

a) should be noted.

2.

This desire

b) forces the entire country to

 

do without double-

glazed window

3.

Two balancing factors

c) and behavior, rituals, cus-

 

toms in their initial form

 

4.

It is forbidden

d) how anybody could find it

 

convenient.

 

5.

The band on changing even windows

e) helps to ensure their na-

 

tional integrity

 

 

and door

 

6.

It is hard to understand

f) has two separate taps and

 

no shower

 

7.

The traditional English bath

g) to make any changes to

 

them

 

8.

Preserving two taps steering wheels

h) is the subject of sharp crit-

 

icism from the latter.

 

3.1.6.Сократите текст, опустив несущественные детали.

3.1.7.Составьте план и передайте содержание текста

3.1.8.Расскажите, какие традиции и обычаи существуют в нашей стране, какие из них вы соблюдаете.

Раздел 3.2

3.2.1. Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю:

Note v

замечать, записывать

commonly adv

общеизвестно, часто

observe v

наблюдать, замечать, соблюдать

haste n

спешка

cherish v

лелеять, нежно любить

cherished

заветный

weakness n

слабость

justify v

объяснять, оправдывать

 

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