Английский язык. Учебник 1 курс

рем я

Simple (Indefinite)

Perfect

Continuous (Pro-

Perfect Contin-

gressive)

uous

В

This let-

ter will

This let-

have

tomor-

been

ter will

row,

writ-

be writ-

the day

ten…

ten...

after

by 5

Will thi

tomor-

Will this

tomor-

Future

row,

letter

row;

letter be

next

have

-

written..?

before

-

week,

been

Yes, it

in two

writ-

you

weeks

ten…?

come

will.

(months,

No, it

yeas),

Yes, it

will not.

in 2025

will.

(won’t).

No, it

will not

(won’t).

to be + III

to be + III

to be+ III

This let-

[re-

ter has

sult];

Such a

Such a

usually,

been

already,

letter is

letter is

often,

writ-

just,

being

written…

always,

ten…

yet,

written…

Is such a

some-

never,

Present

letter

times,

Has this

ever, not

Is such a

writ-

seldom,

letter

yet, to-

letter be-

now

ten…?

never,

been

day, this

-

ing writ-

Yes, it is.

every

writ-

week

ten?

No, it is

day

ten…?

(month,

Yes, it is.

not

(week,

Yes, it

year);

No, it is

(isn’t).

month,

has.

lately,

not

year)

No, it

before;

(isn’t).

has not

since,

(hasn’t).

for

Yester-

day; the

This let-

day be-

This let-

This let-

ter had

fore yes-

ter was

ter was

been

written

terday;

written

being

last

by 5

written

Was this

Had this

at 5 yes-

week(m

yes-

Was this

letter

letter

terday;

Past

onth,yea

terday;

letter be-

writ-

r)

been

before

ing writ-

when

-

ten…?

Two

writ-

you

ten…?

you

Yes, it

ten…?

came

days

came

Yes, it

was.

Yes, it

(weeks,

was.

No, it

had.

months,

No,it

wasn’t

No, it

years)

wasn’t.

hadn’t.

ago;

In 1985

MODALS

USAGE

Examples

Can/could

To describe ability

My friend can dance

well.

I can explain this rule to

you.

May/might

To describe permission

You may take my book

Must

To describe a necessary

You must keep this door

action

locked.

To give someone an or-

You must be careful

der

when you drive.

To describe a duty

Everyone must recycle

as much as possible.

To make a strong rec-

You really must go and

ommendation

see that.

To emphasize an inten-

I must lend you this

tion

book.

For formal questions

Must you go?

Should

To make a recommen-

You should come to

dation when we say

work by metro. It would

what we think is a good

be much quicker.

idea

Ought to

To say what we think is

I think you ought to go

correct thing to do

to the doctor. You look

not so good.

Need

To describe a necessary

You need to be more at-

action

tentive.

Can’t have +III

When we are certain

She can’t / couldn’t

Couldn’t have + III

that sth in the past was

have taken the car. She

possible;

didn’t have the keys.

When we are sure sth

That can’t have been

wasn’t true

successful (I’m sure it

wasn’t).

May have + III

For possible events in

He isn’t here. He

the past

may/might have been

late.

Must have + III

When we are certain sth

I cannot find my purse. I

in the past was true

must have left it at

home.

105

MODALS

USAGE

Examples

Should have + III

When we describe

They should have ar-

what we expect has

rived in Moscow by

probably happened,

now.

Ought to have + III

or believe has failed

The train ought to

to happen

have arrived. Where

is it? (It hasn’t ar-

rived.)

Needn’t have + III

To describe a past

I needn’t have gone

situation where sth

to the office. The

happened or was

meeting was post-

done, but wasn’t

poned.

necessary

The Equivalents of the Modals

Modals-Equivalents

Usage

Examples

Can/could-to be able

To emphasize that a

She can’t come to the

to

difficulty has been

party, but she is able

overcome

to get in touch by

Skype.

To make the descrip-

He’ll be able to fin-

tion of ability more

ish his course paper

definite

next week.

May/might – to be

To describe permis-

You are to stay in

allowed to

sion

bed until you are al-

lowed to get up

must

to be to

A formal way of say-

All the students are

ing must in instruc-

to be at the exam at

tion

9.

to have

For a necessary ac-

We have to go faster.

to

tion

It’s going to rain

Active

Passive

Indefinite

writing

Being written

Perfect

Having written

Having been writ-

ten

Syntactic Functions of Participle I

0

Subject 1

Predicate 2

Object 3

Adverbial

Modifier

4

Opening the

he

Went out.

door

The stu-

Are writ-

A test

At the

dents

ing

monent

The boy

Was silent

Looking

seriously.

I

saw

The young

man talk-

ing to you.

A reading girl

- attribute

The girl reading a book…- attribute

The Objective Participial Construction

Subject

Predicate

Object

1

2

3

I

see

them (her,him)

working on the

computer.

The Subjective Participial Construction

Subject

Predicate

1

2

He

is seen coming

The locked door

- attribute

The method used by the scientists…-

attribute

Subject

Predicate

Object

Adverbial

0

1

2

3

Modifier

4

When

he

gave

the right

asked

answer.

The door

was

locked.

He

shook

his head

as though

ashamed.

Subject

Predicate

Object

Adverbial

0

1

2

3

Modifier

4

When

He

gave

the right

asked

The door

was

answer.

I

locked.

the door

found

opened.

as though

He

shook

his head

ashamed.

The Infinitive

Active

Passive

Indefinite

to write

to be written

Continuous

to be writing

-

Perfect

to have written

To have been writ-

ten

Perfect Continuous

To have been writ-

-

ing

The Syntactic Functions of the Infinitive

Subject

Predi-

Object

Adverbial

cate

Modifier

0

1

2

3

4

To swim

Is usefull.

Our aim

is to mas-

English.

You

ter

this work.

We

can do

there.

They

may go

this task.

must do

To arrive

we

took

a taxi.

in time

we

went

To the US

to prac-

tice Eng-

lish

The Objective with the Infinitive Construction

Subject

Predicate

Object

1

2

3

I

want, wish, would

you(her, him, them)

like

to read the text

aloud.

He

made

them do it.

let

I

hear, see, watch

the children play in

the room.

The Subjective Infinitive Construction

Sub-

Predicate

ject

2

1

He

is/ was said

to arrive.

109

Active

Passive

Indefinite

writing

Being written

Perfect

Having written

Having been writ-

ten

The Syntactic Functions of the Gerund

Adverbial

Sub-

Predi-

Object

Modifier

ject

cate

3

4

0

1

2

Reading

is my hob-

by.

My hobby

is read-

ing.

We

intend go-

to the US

ing

I

like

making

people

happy.

Before cross-

he

stopped

110