The history of a sewing machine

Hand sewing is an art form that is over 20,000 years old. The first sewing needles were made of bones or animal horns and the first thread was made of animal sinew. Iron needles were invented in the 14th century. The first eyed needles appeared in the 15th century. The first possible patent connected to mechanical sewing was a 1755 British patent issued to German, Charles Weisenthal. Weisenthal was issued a patent for a needle that was designed for a machine, however, the patent did not describe the rest of the machine if one existed. The first functional sewing machine was invented by the French tailor, Barthelemy Thimonnier, in 1830. Thimonnier's machine used only one thread and a hooked needle that made the same chain stitch used with embroidery. The inventor was almost killed by an enraged group of French tailors who burnt down his garment factory because they feared unemployment as a result of his new invention. Sewing machines did not go into mass production until the 1850's, when Isaac Singer built the first commercially successful machine. Singer built the first sewing machine where the needle moved up and down rather than the side-to-side and the needle was powered by a foot treadle. Previous machines were all hand-cranked. However, Isaac Singer's machine used the same lockstitch that Howe had patented. Elias Howe sued Isaac Singer for patent infringement and won in 1854. Walter Hunt's sewing machine also used a lockstitch with two spools of thread and an eye-pointed needle; however, the courts upheld Howe's patent since Hunt had abandoned his patent.

2. Складіть 10 запитань до тексту.

3. Складіть план до тексту.

4. Перекажіть текст, користуючись планом.

Практичне заняття №6

Тема: Я – студент факультету технологій та сфери обслуговування .

І. Робота над текстом за темою заняття.

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст. Внесіть необхідні зміни, що відповідають вашому життєвому досвіду. Перекажіть текст.

I am a student of technology and consumer service department

I am (name, surname). So, I am a student now. I’m a first-year student of the day-time department. I’ve entered Kherson State University after finishing a secondary school. You know, that was my dream to enter this University.

I worked hard to pass my examinations well. And now I’ve become a happy member of the great, young family of students.

Many new things and notions came into my life with it. At first, I didn’t know what they meant. Now I became familiar with such words as “a freshman”, “a sophomore”, “an undergraduate” and such terms as “a period”, “a seminar”, “labworks”. I know what it means “to make notes”, “to pass modules”, etc.

I’m still to know more, and first of all how to save time to be able to not only study well, but to take an active part in the students’ life, to join some students’ scientific society and to sing in our University choir, to become a member of our University famous football team and to visit interesting students’ evening-parties.

I’m fond of everything at my University. I like its great beautiful building, sport complex, its lecture halls, laboratories, studies.

I’m a freshman, as they call the first-year students. It’ll take time to know everything about our University.

2. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Have you already visited any students’ parties at the university? Did you like them?

2. What are the traditions of Kherson State University which you know?

3. Would you like to take an active part in university’s life? What exactly would you like to do?

І. Граматичний матеріал. Тема: Числівники. Кількісні та порядкові числівники.

Числівник – частина мови, що позначає кількість предметів (кількісні числівники), а також порядок предметів при лічбі (порядкові числівники).

Кількісні числівники.

0 – zero, o [ou], naught, 1 – one, 2 – two, 3 – three, 4 – four, 5 –five, 6 – six, 7 – seven, 8 – eight, 9 – nine, 10 – ten, 11 – eleven, 12 –twelve, 13 – thirteen, 14 – fourteen, 15 – fifteen, 16 – sixteen, 17 –seventeen, 18 – eighteen, 19 – nineteen, 20 – twenty, 30 – thirty, 40 – forty, 50 – fifty, 60 – sixty, 70 – seventy, 80 – eighty, 90 –ninety, 100 – a / one hundred, 200 – two hundred, 300 – three hundred, …  1,000 – a / one thousand; 8,000 – eight thousand; 200,000 – two hundred thousand; … 1,000,000 – a / one million; 6,000,000 – six million;

121 – one hundred and twenty one (books);

7,006 – seven thousand and six.

Порядкові числівники.

first – перший, second – другий, third – третій, далі порядкові числівники утворюються від кількісних шляхом додавання суфікса – th. fourth – четвертий, fifth – п’ятий, sixth – шостий, seventh – сьомий, eighth – восьмий, ninth – дев’ятий, tenth – десятий.

Закінчення -у при утворенні порядкового числівника від кількісного змінюється на – iта додається суфікс –eth.

twenty – twentieth – двадцятий forty – fortieth – сороковий

Дроби.

1 / 2 – a half, 1 / 3 – a / one third, ? – three quarters, 2 / 9 – two ninths,

0.25 – zero / nought point two five, 2.456 – two point four five six, 7.089 – seven point o [ou] eight nine, 7 – point seven.

Вправа 1. Запишіть словами кількісні числівники та утворіть від них порядкові числівники.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 14, 15, 21, 25, 28, 30, 52, 48, 67, 74, 83, 99, 100

Вправа 2. Запишіть числівники словами.

245, 533, 816, 3562, 7324

Вправа 3. Вимовте назви років.

1345, 1567, 1799, 1823, 1945, 2000, 2002

Вправа 4. Правильно вимовте дати.

Зверніть увагу: Lomonosov was born on November 19, 1711.

Дата читається: November nineteen seventeen eleven або on the nineteenth of November.

She was born on April 21, 1978

He was born on May 2, 1999.

They left for Moscow on June 17, 2000.

We returned home on August 12, 2001.

They saw her last on December 31, 1997.

She sent him the letter on September 8, 2001.

Вправа 5. Прочитайте дроби:

1/2, 1/4, 1/7, 2/5, 7/9, 6/8, 0.25; 0.41; 2.38; 5.76; 37.59; 248.92.

ІІІ. Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням.

1. Прочитайте та перекладіть інструкцію з використання електродуховки.

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• quilting (!)

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