5. Head out these phrases several times till you remember their meaning:

to make friends with smb - подружиться с кем-либо;

to get acquainted with smb - (по)знакомиться с кем-либо;

mode of life - уклад жизни, быт

to bring fame to smb. - приносить известность кому-либо;

to crave for smth. - жаждать чего-либо;

by means of - при помощи;

to be part and parcel of smth - быть неотъемлемой частью чего-либо

to waste paper - марать бумагу.

6.Match the English words and their Russian equivalents:

1. jeweler a. назначить

2. celebrity b. приобретать

3. appoint c. знаток

4. gain d.стипендия

5. dweller e. быт, уклад жизни

6. connoisseur f. торговец драгоценностями

7. mode of life g. постигать

8. grant h. знаменитость

9. penetrate i. обитатель

10. scholarship j. назначать, выделять

7 Make sure you know all the words in the box. Then read their definitions and match the words with their definitions:

crave for, penetrate, connoisseur, countryman, scholarship, celebrity, dweller, grant, gain, commissioner

• ^{member of a commission with particular duties;}

• payment of money granted to a person so that he may continue his studies;

• compatriot, fellow citizen;

• inhabitant;

• to have a strong desire;

• obtain, get, acquire;

• give, award, present;

• ^{see into;}

• person with good judgement on matters in which

• ^{taste is needed;}

• _{a famous person}

8. Read the text and get ready to speak about Mark Shagal: our great countryman: mark shagal

Moisey (Mark) Shagal was born into the family of a poor merchant in Vitebsk in 1887. At the age of 20 he entered the art school of Ieguda pen. It was there where Shagal gained experience and worked out his unique manner of painting. And besides the promising young artist inherited some features of Pen's manner of painting. Shagal's main theme was: poor people and their mode of life. It should be mentioned that Pen's art school was the best at that time and young artists had been dreaming to study there.

After finishing art school Mark Shagal and his friend Victor Mekler went to study to Petersburg. Shagal studied at the school headed by N.Rerikh. He was one of the best students.

In 1909 he met Bella (Berta) Rosenfeld, a daughter of a rich jeweller from Vitebsk, and fell in love with her. His love inspired him to create splendid pictures and it started to bring fame to him. He worked much at that time and was noticed by Maxim Vinaver, who granted Shagal the scholarship of 125 francs a month to continue his studies abroad. Mark went to Paris. A.Akhmatova wrote, «He took his magic Vitebsk to Paris».

In Paris Shagal lived and worked alongside with other young artists who had come from different contries to master painting. And we must admit later a lot of them became famous representatives of the French drawing school. He also got acquainted with P.Picasso, F.Lezhe and others. In one of his letters Shagal wrote, «In Paris I neither looked for the addresses of Academies nor craved for meetings with professors. Generally speaking the city itself taught me: its streets, merchants under the open sky, boys in the cafes, peasants and workers. There was a wonderful free light above them all. It helped me to penetrate into the heart of the French painting.» He visited different exhibitions, museums and spent a lot of time by shop-windows with pictures. A.Lunacharsky wrote about him, «He is known in Paris. His mad pictures are painted in a bit childish manner. They are full of rich and capricious fantasy, grimaces of horror and humour, but they have attracted the attention of the connoisseurs of

In 1914 Shagal came back to Russia. He started to work at the so-called «Vitebsk's series» which consisted of 60 pictures on cardboard and paper. The writer Yuri Nagibin underlined, «It's difficult to understand Shagal if we withdraw Vitebsk from his life. Neither Petersburg, where he studied, nor Moscow, where he worked, nor France, where he had lived the largest part of his life, gave him even the tiniest part of the impressions that Vitebsk had presented to him».

In 1915 Shagal married Bella Rosenfeld. He realized that his wife's relatives were against their marriage. That's why they went to Petrograd. There he made friends with A.Block, V.Mayakovsky, S.Esenin, B.Pasternak, B.Bonch-Bruevich and other celebrities. He organized his first personal exhibition which was a great success. In 1916 his daughter Ida was born and in 1918 he was appointed Commissioner on the problems of art in Vitebsk region. He had a right to open aft schools, museums and to organize exhibitions, lectures and reports on art. Together with his four pupils Shagal took part in the decoration of Vitebsk for the first anniversary of the Great October Revolution. He founded the National Art School in Vitebsk. He wrote, «I want the children of poor town dwellers to study art and not to waste paper at home». In 1919 the first State Exhibition of local and Moscow artists was organized in Vitebsk. 41 painters took part in it and Shagal was among them.

In 1920 Shagal left Vitebsk for Moscow and then he went to Paris. He explained, «I left my Motherland because I had come to the conclusion that I needed Paris. The soil nourishing the roots of my art is Vitebsk. But Paris is necessary for my life as water for a tree».

He died in 1985 in Sen-Pol-de-Vense.

In each of his pictures, Mark Shagal returned in dreams to his native place on the banks of the Dvina river. No matter where in the world his brush was touching the canvas, the painter's love to the Vitebsk of his childhood and youth was part and parcel о his life. Perhaps this very mique «Vitebsk`s breeding» allowed Shagal to keep the perception of childhood in this creative work forever. In a single moment, he woke up too early from childhood dreams, and, later on, he tried to revive that n ment in his canvases again and again. He demonstrated iis love of his native land by means of his mastery. A Latvian journalist compares this sort of mastering with Nabokov's idea, «The difference between comic and cosmic lies in a simple letter». Shagal managed to keep his world within the reaches of this single letter.

The museum, named after Shagal was opened in Vitebsk only in 1991. We must admit that until that time, few people took the risk of publishing books or organizing exhibitions of Shagal's works in the former Soviet Union.