Vocabulary Focus

5. Fill in the table with the missing derivatives from the text.

Noun	Verb	Adjective
		active
	negotiate
efficiency
		broad
	represent

5. Match the halves of the phrases.

keep	more sales
in the search for	your head
come into contact with	track
confined to	personal selling skills
the first step in	current customers alone
to brush up	a potential customer
prosper on	any problems or criticisms
to give prompt attention to	gaining sales
store it all in	fruition
come to	your sales representative

5. Paraphrase the phrases in italics using the expressions from ex. X.

1. He refreshed his skills by reading all necessary books.

2. The armament firms thrive on war.

3. All her plans will be fulfilled if she is promoted.

4. They passed through towns slowing down in the restricted zones.

5. To keep up the pace for a company is to follow the progress of IT.

A springboard for discussion

What are the merits and demerits of our state and private shops? Think about their product assortment, shelf space and customer service.

2. Commerce

Starting up

Discuss the following questions:

1. What is commerce?

2. Are commerce and trade similar activities?

3. What branches of economy are connected with commerce?

3. How are you related to commerce?

4. What is the difference between foreign and home trade?

Reading

1. Go through the following vocabulary notes to avoid difficulties in understanding.

transaction (n.) - deal	merchant (n.) - tradesman
barter(n.) - exchange	insurance (n.) - cover
purchase(v.) - buy	warehousing (n.) - storage
commodity(n.) - goods	available (adj.) - obtainable
branch(n.) - division	ancillaries (n.) - aids
stock(n.) - supply	efficient (adj.) - well-organized
commerce(n.) - trade	facilities (n.) - services

2. Read and decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F).

1. Any transaction is commercial in character if it involves exchange, whether of goods for goods which we call barter or of goods for money.

2. Many retailers obtain their stock from manufactures.

3. Import trade and export trade are the branches of commerce.

4. Commerce embraces much more than trade.

5. The expansion of trade owes a great deal to the development of manufacturing.

3. Now read the text and check your answers to the statements from ex. II.

Commerce is concerned with the distribution of commodities of all kinds – raw materials, foodstuffs, manufactured goods. Under modern conditions the business of distribution has become as complex as production.

The work of commerce can be illustrated by a simple commercial transaction. Any transaction is commercial in character if it involves exchange, whether of goods for goods which we call barter or of goods for money.

Suppose that John Smith requires a carpet. He will seek out a shop which deals in such goods, and expect to be shown a selection of carpets from which he can make his choice. After examining them he decides to purchase one. This, the final stage in the business of distribution, enables the commodity to reach the person who actually wants it for their own use that is the consumer. This is the function of retail trade. Most people's commercial transactions are limited to deals with retailers. This, then, is one branch of commerce.

Many retailers obtain their stock from wholesalers. The retailer who sold a carpet to John Smith probably obtained it from a wholesale carpet merchant. This is a commercial transaction involving a retailer and a wholesaler. Wholesale trade is thus the second branch of commerce. The wholesaler in his turn bought his stock of carpets from manufacturers in Halifax or Kidderminster.

Here, then, is the third commercial transaction, this time involving the wholesaler and the manufacturer. The manufacturer bought some raw wool from which the carpet was made at a wool auction in London or Melbourne. If the wool was sold at a London auction it would be consigned to an importer in London, who would have to arrange for its warehousing between the time when it was unloaded from the ship which had bought it from Australia and the time of its sale at the wool market. At the wool auction the carpet manufacturer probably employed a specialist, buying broker, to act for him. The importer would employ a selling-broker to undertake the sale too. All these people are engaged in commercial occupation. Import trade forms, then, the third branch of commerce.

Since a country cannot import goods from abroad unless it can sell some of its own products to other countries, there must also be another group of merchants, those who are engaged in export trade, the fourth branch of commerce.

The four branches of commerce which we have considered so far are all concerned with buying and selling of goods and so comprise different kinds of trade. The basic commercial activity therefore is trade but commerce embraces much more than trade. Some other certain services are necessary to carry on trade. The first of these is transport. Transfer of goods from one place to another would clearly be impossible without some means of transport. Indeed the extent of both home and foreign trade depends upon the efficiency of the means of transport available. Expansion of trade has gone hand in hand with the development of transport. Before the coming of the railway and the steamship, the volume of world trade was of very small proportions compared with what it is today. Transport is vital to trade and so it forms an important branch of commerce.

There are also two financial services which are important ancillaries to commerce: banking and insurance. Banks assist commerce by providing businessmen with convenient means of payment for both internal and international transactions. They also help merchants and others to finance holding of stocks. Insurance relieves those engaged in all kinds of business of many of the risks associated with the movement and holding of stocks of goods. Sales are often stimulated by advertising. The expansion of trade owes a great deal to the development of efficient banking, insurance and advertising facilities. Thus, these are all important commercial occupations.

The four kinds of trade together with transport, banking, insurance and advertising form the main divisions of commerce.

Text Comprehension

4. Read the text again and answer the following questions.

1. What is commerce concerned with?

2. Who do most people deal with in their everyday life?

3. What is the second branch of commerce?

4. What branches of commerce are connected with home and foreign markets?

5. What does the extent of both home and foreign trade depend upon?

6. How does the development of transportation influence commerce?

7. What forms the main divisions of commerce?

8. What are the two important ancillaries to commerce?

5. Read the text and find the words in it which mean the following.