SAOphthalmicAtlas&Guide
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Figure 2.12 Meibomian adenoma in a 10-year-old, spayed female golden retriever. The tumor is nonpigmented, hairless, has a rough surface, and arises from the eyelid margin. The vessels within the tumor and the surrounding conjunctiva are hyperemic, indicating concurrent conjunctivitis. Eyelid neoplasia is discussed on pages 78 and 79.
Figure 2.13 Upper eyelid melanocytoma. Rather than forming a discrete mass, this neoplasm was associated with diffuse thickening and melanosis of the eyelid. Eyelid neoplasia is discussed on pages 78 and 79.
Figure 2.14 Typical appearance of a chalazion. Chalazia tend to be round, white (due to the accumulation of lipid secretions), and variably raised from the surface of the palpebral conjunctiva. Their proximity to the eyelid margins corresponds to the location of the Meibomian glands. Chalazia are discussed on pages 79 and 80.
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Chapter 2
12 Section I Atlas
Figure 2.15 Idiopathic pyogranulomatous Meibomian adenitis and conjunctivitis. The eyelids are thickened, erythematous, and ulcerated. The blepharitis resolved following a course of oral prednisone. Blepharitis is discussed on pages 80 and 81.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.16 Blepharitis in a DSH. The eyelids are thickened and erythematous. There is also alopecia and crusting. Cytology detected 2+ cocci and inflammatory cells. The blepharitis resolved following treatment with tobramycin/dexamethasone ophthalmic ointment and erythromycin ophthalmic ointment applied to the affected skin twice daily. Blepharitis is discussed on pages 80 and 81.
Figure 2.17 Steroid-responsive blepharitis in a 7-year-old, castrated male standard poodle. There is a moist dermatitis with depigmentation, alopecia, ulceration, and crusting of the eyelids. There are erosive changes to the eyelid margins. Neomycin polymyxin B dexamethasone ophthalmic ointment, to be applied to the affected skin, was prescribed after diagnostics were declined. Treatment was associated with complete resolution of clinical signs. Blepharitis is discussed on pages 80 and 81.
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Third eyelid, nasolacrimal system, |
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and precorneal tear film |
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Please see Chapter 12 for more information about diseases, diagnostic testing, and treatment plans related to the third eyelid, nasolacrimal system, and precorneal tear film.
Figure 3.1 Left third eyelid of a 12-year-old, spayed female German shepherd. The third eyelid is depigmented, thickened, and irregular. These changes are typical of pannus, which is discussed on pages 104 and 105.
Figure 3.2 Everted right third eyelid cartilage. The vertical cartilage is bent outward, causing the third eyelid to fold upon itself. The medial and lateral edges of the vertical cartilage are visible (arrowheads). Note the more linear appearance of these edges compared with the rounded edges typical of prolapsed third eyelid glands (Figures 3.3 and 3.4). Mild conjunctivitis is present. This patient later developed prolapse of the third eyelid gland in the same eye. Scrolled cartilage and third eyelid gland prolapse are discussed on pages 84 and 85.
Small Animal Ophthalmic Atlas and Guide, First Edition. Christine C. Lim.
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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14 Section I Atlas
Figure 3.3 Prolapsed right third eyelid gland in a Burmese cat. The leading edge of the nictitans is not visible. The prolapsed gland is the pink, rounded structure protruding from the medial canthus. Prolapse of the third eyelid gland is discussed on pages 84 and 85.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.4 Prolapsed left third eyelid gland in a 5-month-old female Labrador retriever. The lightly pigmented leading edge of the third eyelid (arrowhead) is ventral and anterior to the prolapsed gland. The gland itself is rounded and pink and brown, with a smooth surface. Mild conjunctivitis is present. Prolapse of the third eyelid gland is discussed on pages 84 and 85.
Figure 3.5 Raised, brown mass on the conjunctiva lining the bulbar surface of the third eyelid. This was an incidental finding on ophthalmic examination. Excisional biopsy and histopathology revealed squamous papilloma. Third eyelid neoplasia is discussed on pages 85 and 86, and conjunctival neoplasia is discussed on pages 95 and 96.
Chapter 3 Third eyelid, nasolacrimal system, and precorneal tear film 15
Figure 3.6 Right third eyelid gland adenocarcinoma. The mass is between the eye and the third eyelid. It displaces the eye caudally, causing enophthalmos. Conjunctival hyperemia is also visible. Due to the size of the mass, exenteration was required to obtain clean margins at the time of excision. Note the similar appearance to simple third eyelid gland prolapse in Figure 3.4. Because of this, third eyelid gland neoplasia should always be considered when an older pet presents with a prolapsed gland. Third eyelid neoplasia is discussed on pages 85 and 86.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.7 Positive Jones test in a cat. Fluorescein appeared in the mouth on the tongue, but not the nares. The Jones test is discussed on page 87.
Figure 3.8 Fluorescein is not visualized at the right nare (negative Jones test) but is seen on the left side (positive Jones test). This indicates obstruction of the right nasolacrimal drainage apparatus and patency of the left nasolacrimal drainage apparatus. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction is discussed on pages 87 and 88.
4 Conjunctiva
Please see Chapter 13 for more information about diseases, diagnostic testing, and treatment plans related to the conjunctiva.
Figure 4.1 Lateral bulbar conjunctiva in a dog. Normal conjunctiva appears smooth and moist, is light pink due to blood vessels, and contains varying levels of melanin. Because conjunctiva is elastic, folds are sometimes seen in the tissue, particularly in the conjunctival fornices. The conjunctiva chapter begins on page 91.
Figure 4.2 Conjunctival hyperemia. Compared with the previous figure, each vessel is wider, more visible, and the conjunctiva appears more reddened overall. Canine conjunctivitis is discussed on pages 91 to 93.
Small Animal Ophthalmic Atlas and Guide, First Edition. Christine C. Lim.
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Figure 4.3 Left blepharitis and keratoconjunctivitis in a DSH. There is mild erythema and crusting of the eyelids, conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, and superficial corneal vascularization. Feline conjunctivitis is discussed on pages 93 to 95.
Figure 4.4 Chemosis often causes a “puffy” appearance of the conjunctiva. The swelling often results in protrusion of the conjunctiva from the palpebral fissure. Conjunctivitis is discussed on pages 91 to 95.
Figure 4.5 Follicles in the ventral conjunctival fornix. Follicles typically appear round and pink. They occur singly or in clusters, as in this photograph. Diffuse conjunctival hyperemia is also shown in this photograph. Conjunctivitis is discussed on
pages 91 to 95.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 4
Figure 4.6 Left eye of an 8-year-old, spayed female blue heeler dog. Both eyes and periocular structures were similar in appearance. The conjunctiva is diffusely thickened and hyperemic. While chemosis is present, the conjunctiva is much firmer than if the thickening were due to fluid alone. Mild corneal edema is also present, most prominent in the ventromedial quadrant. A conjunctival biopsy revealed lymphoma. Concurrent cutaneous lesions were also diagnosed as lymphoma. Conjunctival neoplasia is discussed on pages 95 and 96.
Figure 4.7 Raised, melanotic mass posterior to the dorsal limbus, suspected to be conjunctival melanoma. Surgical removal was declined, therefore a diagnosis was not obtained. Conjunctival neoplasia is discussed on pages 95 and 96.
Figure 4.8 Marked subconjunctival hemorrhage in a stray dog. Note the swelling of the conjunctiva and inability to distinguish individual conjunctival vessels. Fluorescein stain has been applied to the eye. The conjunctiva chapter begins on page 91.
Figure 4.9 Left eye of a 7-month-old, spayed female DSH. There is mild erythema of the eyelids, diffuse conjunctival hyperemia, and conjunctival follicle development (arrows) on the anterior surface of the third eyelid. Feline conjunctivitis is discussed on pages 93 to 95.
Figure 4.10 Raised, pink mass on the perilimbal bulbar conjunctiva. Surrounding conjunctiva is diffusely hyperemic. Histopathology revealed this to be a squamous papilloma. Conjunctival neoplasia is discussed on pages 95 and 96.
Figure 4.11 Canine conjunctival mast cell tumor. Note the swelling and hyperemia of the conjunctiva dorsal to the right eye. Conjunctival neoplasia is discussed on pages 95 and 96.
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Chapter 4
5 Cornea
Please see Chapter 14 for more information about diseases, diagnostic testing, and treatment plans related to the cornea.
Figure 5.1 Chronic, superficial, nonulcerative keratoconjunctivitis due to KCS. The STT was 0 mm/min. The corneal surface is rough, dry, and lackluster. This is evidenced by scattering of the camera flash on this cornea (compare with Figures 4.1 and 5.11, where the corneas are smooth and hydrated and the flash is easily discernible). The appearance of the cornea, the mucoid discharge (in this photograph, the mucous is yellow due to the application of fluorescein stain), and the adherence of the discharge to the cornea are characteristic of KCS. Keratitis is discussed on pages 100 to 101, and 111 to 112. KCS is discussed on pages 101 to 103.
Figure 5.2 Superficial corneal ulceration, KCS, and anterior uveitis in the right eye of a dog. The STT was 0 mm/min. Note the uneven, dry corneal surface; indistinct camera flash; and adherent mucous that are typical of KCS. Anterior uveitis is indicated by hypopyon and red blood cells settled in the ventral anterior chamber. The cornea chapter begins on page 98. KCS is discussed on pages 101 to 103.
Small Animal Ophthalmic Atlas and Guide, First Edition. Christine C. Lim.
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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