Tovarozn_Myasa_Birta2011

ɪɟɮɨɪɞɫɶɤɨʀ (Ƚ) ɿ ɥɿɦɭɡɢɧɫɶɤɨʀ (Ʌ) ɩɨɪɿɞ. Ʉɿɧɰɟɜɢɣ ɝɟɧɨɬɢɩ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ

(Ʌ 3/8, Ⱥ 3/16, Ƚ 3/16, Ɇ 1/4) ɪɨɡɜɨɞɹɬɶ «ɜ ɫɨɛɿ».

Ɍɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɦɿɰɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɿ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɢɣ, ɞɟɳɨ ɜɢɞɨɜɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɭɥɭɛ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɭ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɭ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɬɨɜɳɢɧɢ ɲɤɿɪɭ, ɤɿɫɬɹɤ ɦɿɰɧɢɣ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɝɪɭɛɢɣ, ɝɨɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɛɟɡɪɨɝɚ, ɲɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɚ, ɤɪɭɝɥɚ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɬɟ ɩɿɞɝɪɭɞɞɹ, ɲɢɪɨɤɚ, ɦ’ɹɫɢɫɬɚ ɯɨɥɤɚ, ɝɪɭɞɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɿ ɿ ɝɥɢɛɨɤɿ, ɪɿɜɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɚ ɫɩɢɧɚ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɩɪɹɦɢɣ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɿ ɪɿɜɧɢɣ, ɦɭɫɤɭɥɢɫɬɢɣ, ɤɪɢɠɿ ɞɨɜɝɿ, ɨɤɪɭɝɥɿ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɢɩɨɜɧɟɧɿ, ɫɬɟɝɧɚ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɢɩɨɜɧɟɧɿ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɨɸ. Ɇɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɱɟɪɜɨɧɚ ɜɿɞ ɫɜɿɬɥɨɞɨ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɱɟɪɜɨɧɨʀ.

ȼɨɥɢɧɫɶɤɚ ɦ’ɹɫɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ

ɀɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɿɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ — 950-1050 ɤɝ, ɤɨɪɿɜ — 500550 ɤɝ, ɬɟɥɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ — 28-32 ɤɝ, ɭ 6 ɦɿɫ. — 180-220 ɤɝ. ɋɟ-

ɪɟɞɧɶɨɞɨɛɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɢ 1010-1200 ɝ, ɡɚɛɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɢɯɿɞ — 60-66 %. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɨɝɨɥɿɜ’ɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɢ 5022 ɝɨɥɨɜɢ, ɜ ɬ. ɱ. 1935 ɤɨɪɿɜ.

ɉɨɥɿɫɶɤɚ ɦ’ɹɫɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɚɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɚ ɿ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɚ 27 ɥɢɫɬɨɩɚɞɚ 1998 ɪɨɤɭ, ɜɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɤɨɪɟɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɿɩɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɫɢɜɭ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɩɨɥɿɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɩɥɨɞɸɱɨɫɬɿ, ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɠɢɜɨʀ ɦɚɫɢ, ɞɨɛɪɢɯ ɦ’ɹɫɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɬɚ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɦ’ɹɫɚ.

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ɉɨɥɿɫɶɤɚ ɦ’ɹɫɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ

Ɍɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɫɜɿɬɥɨʀ ɦɚɫɬɿ, ɞɨɜɝɿ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɬɿɥɿ, ɡ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɸ ɿ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɸ ɲɢɽɸ, ɝɥɢɛɨɤɨɸ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɸ ɤɥɿɬɤɨɸ ɡ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɢɦɢ ɪɟɛɪɚɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɭ ɡɚ ɥɨɩɚɬɤɚɦɢ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɤɨɥɨɤ, ɫɩɢɧɚ ɿ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɲɢɪɨɤɿ, ɞɨɜɝɿ, ɩɪɹɦɿ ɡ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɨɸ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɨɸ, ɤɪɢɠɿ ɪɿɜɧɿ, ɲɢɪɨɤɿ, ɞɨɜɝɿ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɢɩɨɜɧɟɧɿ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɨɸ, ɫɬɟɝɧɚ ɩɢɲɧɿ ɡ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɨɸ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɨɸ, ɤɿɧɰɿɜɤɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ. ɀɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ ɛɭɝɚʀɜ — 900-1100 ɤɝ, ɤɨɪɿɜ — 550600 ɤɝ, ɬɟɥɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ — 28-34 ɤɝ, ɛɭɝɚɣɰɿɜ ɭ 18 ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ —

510-530 ɤɝ, ɬɟɥɢɱɨɤ ɭ 18 ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ — 400-410 ɤɝ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɞɨɛɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ 1000-1200 ɝ, ɡɚɛɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɢɯɿɞ– 63-65 %. ȼɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɤɨɪɦɿɜ ɧɚ 1 ɤɝ

ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ 6-8 ɤɨɪɦ. ɨɞ., ɜɢɯɿɞ ɬɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ 100 ɤɨɪɿɜ 85-90 ɝɨɥɿɜ. ɉ’ɽɦɨɧɬɟɡ. ɋɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɜ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɪɢɜɚɥɨʀ ɫɟɥɟɤɰɿʀ ɫɿ-

ɪɨʀ ɫɬɟɩɨɜɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɡɚ ɦ’ɹɫɧɢɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ɂɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɿɜɧɿɱɧɨɡɚɯɿɞɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ — ɪɟɝɿɨɧɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɉ’ɽɦɨɧɬ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɪɨɞɢ ɽ «ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɪɭɩ», ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɢɣ ɜɢɯɿɞ ɦ’ɹɫɚ. Ɇɚɫɬɶ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ — ɫɜɿɬɥɨ-ɫɿɪɚ. Ɍɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɫɿɧɨ ɿ ɩɿɞɧɿɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɪɦ. ɍ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɰɢɦ ɤɨɪɨɜɢ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɭ, ʀɯ ɠɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ — 500600 ɤɝ, ɦɨɥɨɱɧɿɫɬɶ — 1500-2000 ɥ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɿɤ. ɀɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɬɟɥɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ — 43 ɤɝ. ɉɪɢ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɟɥɹɬɚ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɪɨɫɬɭɬɶ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɭ ɦ’ɹɡɨɜɭ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɭ, ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɤɿɫɬɹɤ ɿ ɲɤɿɪɭ, ɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɿɠɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɦɚɤ ɧɟɠɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɦ’ɹɫɚ, ɡ ɦɚɥɢɦ ɜɦɿɫɬɨɦ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɭ.

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ɉ’ɽɦɨɧɬɟɡ

ȼɢɯɿɞ ɬɭɲ ɛɢɱɤɿɜ ɭ ɜɿɰɿ 15-18 ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ ɩɪɢ ɠɢɜɿɣ ɦɚɫɿ 550-600 ɤɝ ɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 68 %, ɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ — 72 %. ɀɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ ɛɭɝɚʀɜ — 1000 ɤɝ, ɜɨɧɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɶɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɡɚɞɧɶɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ — ɜ ɡɚɝɪɢɜɤɭ. ɉɪɢ ɫɯɪɟɳɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɛɭɝɚʀɜ ɡ ɝɨɥɲɬɢɧɫɶɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɱɟɪɜɨɧɨ-ɪɹɛɨɸ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɞɟɪɠɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɦɿɫɟɣ, ɳɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ʀɯ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɞɨɛɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɿɫɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 1,2-1,3 ɤɝ, ɚ ɜɢɯɿɞ ɬɭɲ — 6063 %. ɉɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɫɸɞɠɟɧɚ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɹɤ ɭ 25 ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ. ȼ 19951996 pp. ɜ Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɫɟɥɟɤɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ (ɦ. ɉɟɪɟɹɫɥɚɜɏɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɶɤɢɣ) ɡɚɜɟɡɟɧɨ ɡ ȱɬɚɥɿʀ 6 ɛɭɝɚɣɰɿɜ ɿ 12 ɬɟɥɢɰɶ. ɀɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ

ɛɭɝɚɣɰɿɜ ɭ ɜɿɰɿ 18-21 ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɿɞ 600 ɞɨ 700 ɤɝ. ɇɚɣɜɢɳɭ ɠɢɜɭ ɦɚɫɭ ɭ 21-ɦɿɫɹɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɿɰɿ ɦɚɜ ɛɢɱɨɤ ɍɧɨ 11785-700 ɤɝ. ɀɢɜɚ

ɦɚɫɚ ɬɟɥɢɰɶ ɭ ɜɿɰɿ 17-25 ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ 380 ɞɨ 540 ɤɝ. Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɛɭɝɚʀɜ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɨ ɩɨɧɚɞ 35 ɬɢɫ. ɫɩɟɪɦɨɞɨɡ ɝɥɢɛɨɤɨɡɚɦɨɪɨɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɫɿɦ’ɹ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɯɪɟɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɥɿɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɹɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɟɦɿɧɧɢɯ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɯɪɟɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ.

ɉɨɥɿɫɶɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ ɭ 1994 ɪ., ɜɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɧɢɦ ɫɯɪɟɳɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɱɟɪɧɿɝɿɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ (ɑɆ-1), ɩɪɢɞɧɿɩɪɨɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ (ɉɆ-1) ɬɚ ɡɧɚɦ’ɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɿɜ. Ɍɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɞɨɜɝɿ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨɬɿɥɿ, ɡ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɨɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɸ ɿ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɸ ɲɢɽɸ, ɝɥɢɛɨɤɨɸ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɸ ɤɥɿɬɤɨɸ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɟɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɹ ɬɪɟɬɢɧɚ ɬɭɥɭɛɚ, ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɨ ɧɟɜɢɫɨɤɿ ɤɿɧɰɿɜɤɢ, ɦɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɿɬɥɚ ɀɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ ɛɭɝɚʀɜ — 1055-1150 ɤɝ, ɤɨɪɿɜ — 560-600, ɬɟɥɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ 28-35 ɤɝ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɞɨɛɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɢ

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1050-1200 ɝ, ɡɚɛɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɢɯɿɞ — 63-65 %. ɇɢɧɿ ɩɨɥɿɫɶɤɢɣ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɽ 3000 ɝɨɥ. ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɨɥɿɜ’ɹ, 3 ɥɿɧɿʀ ɿ 18 ɪɨɞɢɧ.

Ɂɧɚɦ’ɹɧɫɶɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɜɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɧɢɦ ɫɯɪɟɳɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɚɛɟɪɞɢɧ-ɚɧɝɭɫɶɤɨʀ (Ⱥ), ɲɚɪɨɥɟɡɶɤɨʀ (ɒ) ɿ ɫɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɫɶɤɨʀ (ɋ) ɩɨɪɿɞ. Ɍɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɟɧɟɪɝɿɽɸ ɪɨɫɬɭ (ɞɨ 2000 ɝ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɭ). Ɍɭɥɭɛ ɧɢɡɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɤɿɧɰɿɜɤɚɯ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɢɩɨɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɨɸ.

ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɸ ɚɫɤɚɧɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɦ’ɹɫɧɨʀ ɩɨɪɨɞɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɦ’ɹɫɧɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ.

1.3. Ɇ’ɹɫɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ, ɳɨ ʀʀ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ

Ɂɚ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɪɨɝɚɬɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɽ ɦ’ɹɫɧɚ ʀʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ. Ɇ’ɹɫɨ ɰɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ (ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɚ ɿ ɬɟɥɹɬɢɧɚ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɱɨɜɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɫɦɚɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɿ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɩɨɩɢɬɨɦ ɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɰɿɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɦ’ɹɫɧɿ ɩɨɪɨɞɢ, ɹɤɿ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɹɤɿɫɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɟ «ɦɚɪɦɭɪɨɜɟ» ɦ’ɹɫɨ. ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɨɦɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɦ’ɹɫɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ʀʀ ɩɨɠɢɜɧɿɫɬɸ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɟɜɢɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ. əɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɨ ɡ ɦ’ɹɫɨɦ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɿɥɶɫɶɤɨɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɦɚɽ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɿɲɟ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɤɚ ɿ ɠɢɪɭ. ɋɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɜɦɿɫɬ ɛɿ-

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ɥɤɚ (%) ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ: ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɚ —

20,5, ɫɜɢɧɢɧɚ — 14,5, ɦɨɥɨɤɨ — 3,4, ɯɥɿɛ — 5,8-7,8, ɤɚɪɬɨɩɥɹ —

2,1, ɦɨɪɤɜɚ — 1,2. ȼ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɿ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧɭ, ɧɿɠ ɭ ɫɜɢɧɢɧɿ ɬɚ ɛɚɪɚɧɢɧɿ. ȼɢɫɨɤɭ ɩɨɠɢɜɧɭ ɰɿɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɚɦɿɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɢ ɚɪɝɿɧɿɧɭ, ɥɿɡɢɧɭ, ɝɿɫɬɢɞɢɧɭ, ɬɢɪɨɡɢɧɭ, ɬɪɢɩɬɨɮɚɧɭ, ɰɢɫɬɢɧɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɠɢɪɧɿ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɢ, ɦɿɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɟɱɨɜɢɧɢ, ɜɿɬɚɦɿɧɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ Ⱥ, Ⱦ, ɋ, ɟɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɪɟɱɨɜɢɧɢ. ɉɟɪɟɬɪɚɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɨɦ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ 95 %, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɭ 100 ɝ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦ’ɹɫɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ 50 % ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɛɿɥɤɚ ɿ ɞɚɽ 220 ɤɤɚɥ. Ɂɚ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ ɇɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɭ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɿɡɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚ

ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɦ’ɹɫɚ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɭ ɥɸɞɢɧɭ ɡɚ ɪɿɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 85 ɤɝ: ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɚ — 27,9 ɤɝ, ɫɜɢɧɢɧɚ — 21,2, ɦ’ɹɫɨ ɩɬɢɰɿ — 21,2, ɛɚɪɚɧɢɧɚ — 6,0, ɜɢɪɨɛɢ ɡ ɦ’ɹɫɚ (ɤɨɜɛɚɫɢ, ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢ, ɫɭɛ-

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ) — 15,2 ɤɝ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɛɨʀ ɦ’ɹɫɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɪɨɝɚɬɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɭ ɜɿɰɿ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ, 14-90-ɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ — ɞɨ ɬɟɥɹɬɢɧɢ. ɉɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶ ɦ’ɹɫɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɬɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɦ’ɹɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɠɢɬɬɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɢ: ɠɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɩɿɥɿɫɬɶ (ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨʀ ɦɚɫɢ), ɫɬɚɧ ɜɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ, ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɤɨɪɦɭ; ɩɪɢ ɡɚɛɨʀ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɢ: ɡɚɛɿɣɧɚ ɦɚɫɚ (ɦɚɫɚ ɬɭɲɿ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɦɚɫɨɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɭ), ɦɚɫɚ ɫɭɛɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ȱ ɬɚ II ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɿɫɬɸ, ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɬɭɲɿ (ɜɦɿɫɬ ɦ’ɹɡɿɜ, ɠɢɪɭ, ɤɿɫɬɨɤ, ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɨɤ); ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɬɭɲɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɿɞɬɪɭɛɿɜ ɡɚ ɫɨɪɬɚɦɢ; ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɦ’ɹɫɚ ɬɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɨɪɿɣɧɿɫɬɶ; ɡɚɛɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɢɯɿɞ ɬɭɲɿ, ɦɚɪɦɭɪɨɜɿɫɬɶ, ɧɿɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɫɨɤɨɜɢɬɿɫɬɶ. ȼɢɯɿɞ ɬɭɲɿ — ɰɟ ɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɫɢ ɬɭɲɿ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɡɚɛɿɣɧɨʀ ɠɢɜɨʀ ɦɚɫɢ, ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ, ɚ ɡɚɛɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɢɯɿɞ — ɰɟ ɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɿɣɧɨʀ ɦɚɫɢ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɡɚɛɿɣɧɨʀ ɠɢɜɨʀ ɦɚɫɢ, ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ. ɀɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ — ɰɟ ɦɚɫɚ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ) ɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɿ. ɉɟɪɟɞɡɚɛɿɣɧɚ ɠɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ — ɦɚɫɚ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɩɿɫɥɹ 24-ɝɨɞɢɧɧɨʀ ɝɨɥɨɞɧɨʀ ɜɢɬɪɢɦɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɜɨɞɢ. ȼɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɠɢɪ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɲɥɭɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɤɢɲɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɫɨɪɨɱɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɧɚɜɤɨɥɨɧɢɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɦɨɲɨɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ (ɩɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ). ȱɧɞɟɤɫ ɦ’ɹɫɧɨɫɬɿ — ɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɫɢ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ ɿ ɠɢɪɭ ɬɭɲɿ ɞɨ ɤɿɫɬɨɤ ɿ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɨɤ. Ɍɭɲɚ — ɦ’ɹɫɨ ɧɚ ɤɿɫɬɤɚɯ ɛɟɡ ɲɤɿɪɢ, ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ, ɝɨɥɨɜɢ, ɯɜɨɫɬɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɤɿɧɰɿɜɨɤ ɩɨ ɡɚɩ’ɹɫɧɿ ɿ ɡɚɞɧɿɯ ɩɨ ɫɤɚɤɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɭɝɥɨɛɢ, ɚɥɟ ɿɡ ɡɚɥɢɲɟɧɨɸ ɩɪɢ ɬɭɲɿ ɜɢɪɿɡɤɨɸ. ɍ ɋɒȺ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɿ ɿ ɜ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɞɨ ɦɚɫɢ ɬɭɲɿ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɢɪɤɢ ɿ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɨɧɢɪɤɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɪ, ɚ ɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɦɚɫɢ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɡɚɛɿɣɧɨʀ ɦɚɫɢ ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɡɚɛɿɣɧɢɦ ɜɢɯɨɞɨɦ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɭɲɿ ɬɚ ɠɢɪɭ, ɩɪɢ ɡɚɛɨʀ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɯɚɪɱɨɜɿ ɫɭɛɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɭ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɭ. Ɇ’ɹɫɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɦ’ɹɡɨɜɨʀ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɿɡ ɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɦɢ ɡ ɧɟɸ ɤɿɫɬɤɚɦɢ, ɯɪɹɳɚɦɢ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɚɦɢ, ɠɢɪɨɜɨɸ ɬɚ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɧɢɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɩɨɠɢɜɧɭ ɰɿɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɿɥɤɢ ɿ ɠɢ-

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ɪɢ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɞɨ ɦ’ɹɡɨɜɨʀ ɬɚ ɠɢɪɨɜɨʀ ɬɤɚɧɢɧ, ɬɨɞɿ ɹɤ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɧɚ, ɯɪɹɳɨɜɚ, ɤɿɫɬɤɨɜɚ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɩɨɠɢɜɧɨʀ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ, ɯɨɱɚ ɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶ ɫɜɨɽɸ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ. ɍ ɬɿɫɧɨɦɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹɦ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɦ’ɹɫɚ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɭ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɫɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɦ’ɹɡɨɜɨʀ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɢɣ ɪɿɫɬ ɦ’ɹɡɨɜɨʀ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ ɭ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɿɞ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɜɿɞ 4-6 ɞɨ 14-18-ɦɿɫɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ. Ɂ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɪɿɥɨɫɬɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɦ’ɹɡɨɜɚ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɜɨ ɡɚɦɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɧɨɸ ɬɚ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɸ. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɬɭɲɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɪɨɞɢ, ɫɬɚɬɿ, ɜɿɤɭ ɿ ɭɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. Ɍɨɦɭ ɜɦɿɫɬ ɦ’ɹɡɨɜɨʀ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ ɭ ɬɭɲɿ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ 42 ɞɨ 68 %, ɠɢɪɭ — ɜɿɞ 14 ɞɨ 30, ɤɿɫɬɨɤ — ɜɿɞ 13 ɞɨ 22, ɫɩɨɥɭɱɧɨʀ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ — ɜɿɞ 10 ɞɨ 15 %. ɋɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɦ’ɹɫɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɪɨɝɚɬɨʀ ɯɭ-

ɞɨɛɢ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɭɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚɤɢɣ (%): ɫɟɪɟɞɧɹ ɭɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ — ɛɿɥɤɚ 20,0, ɠɢɪɭ 10,7, ɜɨɞɢ 68,3, ɡɨɥɢ 1,0; ɜɢɳɚ — ɛɿɥɤɚ 17,0, ɠɢɪɭ 22,9, ɜɨɞɢ 58,5, ɡɨɥɢ 0,9; ɧɢɠɱɟɫɟɪɟɞɧɹ — ɛɿɥɤɚ 21,0, ɠɢɪɭ 3,8, ɜɨ-

ɞɢ 74,1, ɡɨɥɢ 1,1. ȼ ɬɟɥɹɬɢɧɿ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɿ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɠɢɪɭ.

Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ, ɳɨ ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɦ’ɹɫɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɪɨɝɚɬɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ — ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɩɿɥɿɫɬɶ, ɫɬɚɬɶ, ɜɿɤ, ɤɚɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ, ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ, ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɪɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ.

ɉɨɪɨɞɚ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ, ʀʀ ɧɚɩɪɹɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɦ’ɹɫɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɦ’ɹɫɧɨɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɦ’ɹɫɧɿ ɩɨɪɨɞɢ. Ɍɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɰɢɯ ɩɨɪɿɞ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɩɿɥɿ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɠɢɜɭ ɦɚɫɭ (600-1000 ɤɝ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ), ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɛɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɢɯɿɞ (65 % ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ), ɞɭɠɟ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶ ɤɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɦɚɫɢ. ɇɢɧɿ ɩɢɬɨɦɚ ɜɚɝɚ ɦ’ɹɫɧɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɿɞ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɚ (ɜɫɶɨɝɨ 0,2 %), ɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ ɨɞɟɪɠɭɸɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɦɨɥɨ- ɱɧɨ-ɦ’ɹɫɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɿɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ ɫɜɿɞɱɚɬɶ, ɳɨ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨ-ɦ’ɹɫɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɿɞ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɿ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɦ’ɹɫɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɪɢ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɛɢɱɤɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɿɞ ɜɠɟ ɞɨ 14-ɦɿɫɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɠɢɜɨʀ ɦɚɫɢ 400 ɤɝ, ɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨ- ɦ’ɹɫɧɢɯ — 450 ɤɝ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɯ ɧɚ 1 ɤɝ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɜɿɞ 6,4 ɞɨ 7,5 ɤɨɪɦ. ɨɞ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɩɿɥɿɫɬɶ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɦɚɽ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɦ’ɹɫɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɥɿɩɲɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɩɿɥɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɭɸɬɶ ɪɿɫɬ, ɤɪɚɳɟ ɡɚɫɜɨɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɠɢɜɧɿ ɪɟɱɨɜɢɧɢ, ɦɟɧɲɟ ɜɢɬɪɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɤɨɪɦɿɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɿɫɬ ɠɢɜɨʀ ɦɚɫɢ, ɤɪɚɳɟ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ. ȱɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɟ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɭ ɡ ɪɚɧ-

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ɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ ɩɪɢɫɤɨɪɸɽ ɪɿɫɬ, ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɽ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɩɿɥɿɫɬɶ. ɇɚ ɦ’ɹɫɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɬɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɿ ɜɿɤ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. ɉɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɨ ɡ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɦɢ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɬɭɲɿ ɬɟɥɹɬ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɤɿɫɬɨɤ ɿ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɧɨʀ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ, ɦɟɧɲɟ — ɦ’ɹɡɨɜɨʀ ɬɚ ɠɢɪɨɜɨʀ. Ɂ ɜɿɤɨɦ ɰɟ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɦ’ɹɡɨɜɨʀ ɬɚ ɠɢɪɨɜɨʀ ɬɤɚɧɢɧ. ɍ ɦ’ɹɡɚɯ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɜɨɞɢ, ɚ ɦ’ɹɫɨ ɦɚɽ ɜɢɳɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɧɭ ɰɿɧɧɿɫɬɶ. Ⱦɨ 12-15-ɦɿɫɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ ɪɿɫɬ ɦ’ɹɡ ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɿɲɟ, ɧɿɠ ɠɢɪɨɜɚ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɚ. Ɍɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɛɨʀ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɜ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɿɰɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɬɭɲɿ ɡ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɦ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɦ’ɹɡɨɜɨʀ ɬɚ ɠɢɪɨɜɨʀ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ. ɋɬɚɧ ɭɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɛɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ ɬɚ ʀʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. ɍ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɛɿɣɧɢɣ ɜɢɯɿɞ ɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɳɟɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɭɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ — 50 %, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ — 45, ɧɢɠɱɟɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ — 40; ɭ ɦ’ɹɫɧɨɝɨ — ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ 6570, 60-65 ɿ 55 %. Ɇ’ɹɫɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɪɨɝɚɬɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɿɣ ɦɿɪɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɭ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɲɜɢɞɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɠɢɜɨʀ ɦɚɫɢ, ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɫ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ 30-40 %, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɤɨɪɦɿɜ ɫɹɝɚɸɬɶ 50-60 %. Ɂɚ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɭ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɧɚɪɨɫɬɚɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɠɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ, ɚ ɣ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɬɭɲɿ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɦ’ɹɫɚ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ ɜɢɯɿɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɰɿɧɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɪɭɛɿɜ. Ɋɚɧɧɽ ɩɪɢɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɭ ɞɨ ɩɨʀɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɪɭɛɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɨɤɨɜɢɬɢɯ ɤɨɪɦɿɜ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɨɛ’ɽɦɢɫɬɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɸ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ ɩɪɢ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɠɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɫɦɚɤɨɜɢɯ ɹɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɦ’ɹɫɚ. Ɍɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɯ ɞɨ 18-20-ɦɿɫɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɠɢɜɨʀ ɦɚɫɢ 500-550 ɤɝ. ɉɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɿ ɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɩɿɥɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɢ, ɩɪɢɫɤɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɱɟɧɧɹ ɠɢɪɭ ɜ ʀɯ ɬɿɥɿ. Ɍɚɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɭ ɞɨ 14-ɦɿɫɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɩɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɭ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ. ɋɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɠɢɜɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɬɚ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɦ’ɹɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɭɥɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɦ’ɹɫɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ. Ɍɜɚɪɢɧɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɢɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ, ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɨɸ ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɸ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦ’ɹɫɚ, ɩɪɨɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɨɦ («ɦɚɪɦɭɪɨɜɟ» ɦ’ɹɫɨ). Ɍɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɝɪɭɛɨʀ, ɫɭɯɨʀ, ɦɿɰɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɡɞɚɬɧɿ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ ɿ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɿɫɧɿɲɟ ɦ’ɹɫɨ. Ɍɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɡɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɩɨɤɿɣɧɿɲɿ, ɮɥɟɝɦɚɬɢɱɧɿɲɿ, ɜɿɞɝɨɞɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɥɟɝɲɟ, ɧɿɠ ɬɿ, ɹɤɿ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɡɛɭɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ, ɧɟɪɜɨɜɿ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɪɿɫɬ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɿ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ʀɯ ɦɚɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɛɿɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɢ. ɑɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɦɟɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɢ ɱɨɥɨɜɿɱɢɯ ɬɚ ɠɿɧɨɱɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɜɢɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɿɜ, ɿɧɫɭɥɿɧ ɬɚ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɿ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɢ. ȼɫɿ ɜɨɧɢ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɡɢɬɢ-

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ɜɧɢɣ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɧɨɰɿɧɧɿɣ ɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ. Ȼɿɨɫɬɢɦɭɥɹɬɨɪɢ ɫɩɪɢɹɸɬɶ ɤɪɚɳɨɦɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɸ ɩɨɠɢɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɨɜɢɧ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɭ, ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɸ ɛɿɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɿɧɭ, ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɸ ɠɢɜɨʀ ɦɚɫɢ ɬɿɥɚ ɬɚ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɟ ɧɚɝɪɨɦɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɠɢɪɭ. əɤɿɫɬɶ ɦ’ɹɫɚ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɫɬɚɬɬɸ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. ɇɚ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɸ ɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɚɞɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɢɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤ, ɜɢɛɪɚɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɛɭɝɚʀɜ-ɩɥɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɹɤɿɫɧɟ ɦ’ɹɫɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ ɛɢɱɤɿɜ-ɤɚɫɬɪɚɬɿɜ. ȼɨɧɨ ɦɚɽ ɬɨɧɤɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɡ ɞɨɛɪɢɦɢ ɫɦɚɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ⱦɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɧɟɤɚɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɢɱɤɢ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ ɪɨɫɬɭɬɶ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɿɲɟ, ɧɿɠ ɤɚɫɬɪɚɬɢ ɿ ɬɟɥɢɰɿ, ɿ ɭ 15-18-ɦɿɫɹɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɿɰɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɭ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɸ ɦɚɫɨɸ ɧɚ 10-12 % ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɨ ɡ ɤɚɫɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɿ ɧɚ 15-20 % — ɡ ɬɟɥɢɰɹɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤ, ɧɟɡɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ ɧɚ ɹɜɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɭ ɪɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɤɚɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ, ɤɪɚʀɧɢ-ɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɢ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɦ’ɹɫɨ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɤɚɫɬɪɚɬɿɜ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ, ɞɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɨɜɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɛɟɡɩɪɢɜ’ɹɡɧɨɦɭ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ, ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɦ’ɹɫɨ ɭ 18 ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ, ɛɢɱɤɿɜ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɚɫɬɪɭɸɬɶ ɭ 5-7-ɦɿɫɹɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɿɰɿ. Ⱥɞɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɬɟɜɨɦɭ ɞɨɡɪɿɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɟɤɚɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɟɜɿ ɡɛɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɬɪɚɜɦɭɸɬɶ ɨɞɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ. ɇɟɤɚɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɛɢɱɤɿɜ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɿɲɟ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜ’ɹɡɿ. ɉɪɢ ɠɢɬɬɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɦ’ɹɫɧɭ ʀɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɰɿɧɸɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɸ ɦɚɫɨɸ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɩɿɥɿɫɬɸ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɞɨɛɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɚɦɢ ɿ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɨɸ ɤɨɪɦɿɜ ɧɚ 1 ɤɝ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɛɨɸ ɦ’ɹɫɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɰɿɧɸɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɦɚɫɨɸ ɬɭɲɿ, ɡɚɛɿɣɧɨɸ ɦɚɫɨɸ, ɡɚɛɿɣɧɢɦ ɜɢɯɨɞɨɦ ɿ ɜɢɯɨɞɨɦ ɬɭɲɿ, ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɬɭɲɿ, ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɦ’ɹɫɚ ɬɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɦɚɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɡɚɛɿɣɧɢɯ ɹɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɛɨʀ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɥɟɦɿɧɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ.

ɍɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɩɪɢɠɢɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɛɭɞɨɜɨɸ ɬɿɥɚ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɦɭɫɤɭɥɚɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɠɢɪɭ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɿ, ɚ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɛɨɸ ɩɪɢ ɨɰɿɧɰɿ ɬɭɲɿ ɛɟɪɭɬɶ ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɜɿɞɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɲɤɿɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɪɭ (ɩɨɥɢɜ), ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɬɚ ɦɿɠ ɦ’ɹɡɚɦɢ. ɍ ɤɨɪɿɜ, ɜɨɥɿɜ ɿ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɭ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɜɢɳɭ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɸ, ɧɢɠɱɟɫɟɪɟɞɧɸ ɜɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɭɝɚʀɜ-ɩɥɿɞɧɢɤɿɜ ɿ ɬɟɥɹɬ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɞɜɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɜɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ: ɩɟɪɲɭ ɿ ɞɪɭɝɭ. Ɍɜɚɪɢɧɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɧɢɠɱɟɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɜɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɯɭɞɢɦɢ.

1.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ

Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɭ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɧɢɰɬɜɿ — ɰɟ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ, ɧɚɹɜɧɢɯ ɮɟɪɦ (ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ) ɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɜɭɡɶɤɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɧɢɤɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ʀʀ

38

ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ. Ɋɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɿ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɧɢɯ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɨɝɨɥɿɜ’ɹ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɚɯ ɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɡ ɧɢɯ — ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ (ɩɪɢɜ’ɹɡɧɟ ɿ ɛɟɡɩɪɢɜ’ɹɡɧɟ), ɪɨɡɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɦɿɜ, ɞɨʀɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɿɜ, ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɧɨɸ ɬɨɳɨ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɦ’ɹɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɨɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɋɚɦɟ ɜɨɧɢ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ, ɹɤɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɨ ɿɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɡɨɨɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɜɟɬɟɪɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɚɦ ɹɤɭɫɶ ɿɞɟɚɥɶɧɭ ɚɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɧɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɱɢ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ʀʀ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɮɟɪɦɢ), ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɨ-ɤɥɿɦɚɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɪɿɜɧɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɦɚɽ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɫɢɥɢ ɿ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ, ɹɤɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ. ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɧɚɞɿɣɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɿɞ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɛɿɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. Ɂɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɲɭɦɨɜɢɣ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɛɪɚɰɿɸ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɠ ɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɞɨɞɚɽ ɞɨ ɲɭɦɭ ɡɚɝɚɡɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɜɚɪɢɧɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. Ɉɬɠɟ, ɩɪɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɬɿɽʀ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɜɫɿ ɰɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɿ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɮɟɪɦɚɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɯ, ɞɟɲɟɜɢɯ ɿ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɧɚɞɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ.

ȼɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɦ’ɹɫɨ ɧɚɞɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɭ ɿ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ. ɍ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɤɨɬɚɪɫɬɜɿ ɧɚɞɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɢɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɜ 6-ɦɿɫ. ɜɿɰɿ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɿɜɥɸ ɡɚɦɿɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɟɡɛɢɪɚɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ ɣ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɦ’ɹɫɨ. ɇɚɞɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɢɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɦ’ɹɫɨ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɿɞɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɤɨɪɿɜ ɭ 8- ɦɿɫ. ɜɿɰɿ ɝɭɪɬɭɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɬɬɸ, ɠɢɜɨɸ ɦɚɫɨɸ ɣ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɪɨɝɚɬɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɧɚ ɦ’ɹɫɨ. Ɂ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭ ɿ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɮɟɪɦ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɨɥɿɜ’ɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɪɨɝɚɬɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɿ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɛɭɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɡ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɪɨɝɚɬɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɧɚ ɦ’ɹɫɨ ɡɚ ɬɪɶɨɦɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹɦɢ:

x ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɩɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɮɟɪɦ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɨɦ 3-4-

39

ɬɢɠɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ ɿ ʀɯ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɟ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɡɚɛɨɸ ɭ 12-18-ɦɿɫ. ɜɿɰɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɸ ɠɢɜɨɸ ɦɚɫɨɸ 400-600 ɤɝ; ɬɚɤɿ ɮɟɪɦɢ ɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɬɶ ɬɟɥɹɬɚɦɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɤɨɦɛɿɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɿɞ;

x ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɿ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɳɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɳɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɪɨɝɚɬɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɡ 6-8-ɜɿɤɭ ɞɨ ɡɚɛɨɸ ɭ 12-18-ɦɿɫ. ɜɿɰɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɸ ɠɢɜɨɸ ɦɚɫɨɸ 400550 ɤɝ; ɡɚ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɨʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɿɠɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ (ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ), ɜ ɹɤɿ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶ ɬɟɥɹɬ ɦ’ɹɫɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɿɞ;

x ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ ɜ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ, ɧɚ ɮɟɪɦɚɯ ɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ, ɳɨ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɪɨɝɚɬɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ; ɡɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɡɚɛɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ (ɡɚ 3-4 ɦɿɫ. ɞɨ ɡɚɛɨɸ) ɿ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɟ ɜɢɛɪɚɤɭɜɚɧɟ ɩɨɝɨɥɿɜ’ɹ; ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɥɸ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ, ɹɤ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɧɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɭ ɫɬɚɞɿɸ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɱɢ ɦɿɠɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ, ɹɤɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ.

ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɰɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ. Ɍɜɚɪɢɧ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɛɟɡɩɪɢɜ’ɹɡɧɨ ɜ ɤɥɿɬɤɚɯ ɩɨ 15-20 ɝɨɥɿɜ. Ⱦɨ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜɨɞɭ. Ɋɨɡɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɦɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɧɨɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɨ. ɉɿɞɥɨɝɚ ɤɥɿɬɨɤ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹɦ. ȼɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɯ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜ’ɹɡɧɟ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ. ɐɟ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɫɿɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɦɿɫɬɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ, ɜ ɹɤɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɸɬɶ 400-600 ɝɨɥɿɜ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ. ɍ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɿ ɩɪɢɜ’ɹɡɧɭ ɿ ɛɟɡɩɪɢɜ’ɹɡɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ. ȼɢɛɿɪ ɞɢɤɬɭɸɬɶ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ. ȼɫɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɡ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ (ɩɨɧɚɞ 1000 ɝ) ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɞɨɛɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɿɜ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɭɫɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɝɨɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɤɨɪɦɭ ɧɚ 1 ɤɝ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ 6-8 ɤ. ɨɞ. ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɿɧɲɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɪɨɛɥɹɬɶ ɝɚɥɭɡɶ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɨɜɨɸ.

Ɍɨɜɚɪɧɭ ɨɰɿɧɤɭ ɦ’ɹɫɚ ɿ ɨɛɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɲ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ȽɈɋɌ 779-55. «Ɇ’ɹɫɨ-ɹɥɨɜɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɩɿɜɬɭɲɚɯ ɿ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɧɤɚɯ». ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɫɸɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦ’ɹɫɨ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ ɿ ɦɨɥɨɞɧɹɤɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɪɨɝɚɬɨʀ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ. Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɜɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɯɭɞɨɛɢ ɬɭɲɿ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ — ɩɟɪɲɭ ɿ ɞɪɭɝɭ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1) Ɇ’ɹɫɨ, ɳɨ ɦɚɽ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɝɨɞɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɢɠɱɟ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ, ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɯɭɞɢɦ.

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