1. In the first paragraph, the writer mentions "hi-tech diagnostic equipment" in order to

1. emphasise the simplicity of the stethoscope.

2. stress the usefulness of the stethoscope.

3. show the symbolic role of the stethoscope.

4. explain why doctors use the stethoscope.

2. In the past, lack of adequate diagnostic equipment meant that

1. many patients died unnecessarily from heart disease.

2. cause of illness was often discovered only after death.

3. diagnosis was based solely on subjective hypothesis.

4. many contagious diseases were never detected.

3. The advent of the stethoscope meant doctors

A were less likely to catch something from patients.

B could distance themselves from those under their care.

C were facilitated in detecting contagious illnesses.

D could now hear a patient's heart beating.

4. How many versions of the stethoscope did Laennec devise?

A one

B two

C more than two

D more than three

5. The modern stethoscope

A is meticulously crafted.

B closely resembles the original.

C consists of two moveable parts.

D was developed by an American.

6. Although simple in design, Laennec's invention

A forced doctors to use reason with their patients.

B brought about great change in medical procedure.

C caused a revolution in philosophical thought.

D has yet to be bettered as a diagnostic tool.

7. The last sentence of the article implies that

A medicine would not have been a science if the stethoscope hadn't been invented.

B Laennec was one of the few 18th-century doctors who practiced medicine scientifically.

C without Laennec, medicine might have progressed at a much slower pace.

D the invention of the stethoscope helped medical practice become more systematic.

PARTS OF THE BODY

10

Give names for the indicated parts of the head.

11

Match each of the following parts of the body with the correct number in the picture below. Translate the words into Ukrainian.

ankle	knee
armpit	kidney
abdomen	knuckle
Adam's apple	lip
biceps	liver
bone	lung
bottom	muscle
brain	navel
breast	neck
calf	nipple
cheek	palm
chest	rib
chin	shin
earlobe	shoulder
elbow	spine
eyebrow	stomach
forearm	temple
forehead	thigh
groin	throat
heart	thumb
heel	toe
hip	vein
intestines	waist
jaw	wrist

12

Choose the correct answer

1. The PUPIL is part of the	6. The SOLE is part of the
a) ear b) stomach c) eye d) hand	a) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear
2. The CALF is part of the	7. The WRIST is part of the
a) leg b) arm c) chest d) head	a) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear
3. The IRIS is part of the	8. The HEEL is part of the
a) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear	a) hand b) foot c) eye d) breast
4. The PALM is part of the	9. The NIPPLE is part of the
a) hand b) foot c) ear d) breast	a) hand b) foot c) ear d) breast
5. The THUMB is part of the	10. The SHIN is part of the
a) hand b) foot c) head d) chest	a) arm b) leg c) head d) breast

13

Match the Ukrainian names of the parts of the body with their English counterparts.

1. bladder	a) хребет
2. gall bladder	b) гортань
3. large intestine	c) тaз
4. larynx	d) сечовий міхур
5. pancreas	e) жовчний міхур
6. pelvis	f) селезінка
7. spine	g) трахея
8. spleen	h) підшлункова залоза
9. windpipe	і) товста кишка

14

Match the following parts of the body with the jumbled definitions on the right.

1. kidney	a. organ in the head which controls thought and feeling
2. lung	b. long pipe leading from the stomach which takes waste matter from the body
3. liver	c. two small, fleshy organs in the throat
4. heart	d. baglike organ in which food is broken down for use by the body
5. brain	e. one of twenty-four bones protecting the chest
6. intestine	f. one of a pair of organs which separate waste liquid from the blood
7. appendix	g. one of two bony parts of the face in which teeth are set
8. tonsils	h. large organ which cleans the blood
9. rib	i. one of a pair of breathing organs in the chest
10.stomach	j. passage from the back of the mouth down inside the neck
11.jaw	k. short organ of little use which leads off the large intestine
12.throat	l. organ in the chest which controls the flow of blood by pushing it round the body

15

Parts of the body appear in some colloquial idiomatic adjectives describing various human states and characteristics, e g. 'heavy-hearted' means 'sad'. For each adjective on the left below find the word or phrase on the right which has the same meaning.

(a) stout- hearted	generous
(b) tight -fisted	brave, resolute
(c) open -handed	with very good hearing
(d) hard-headed	conceited, self-important
(e) big-headed	hypocritical
(f) weak- kneed	silent, unwilling to speak
(g) sharp- eared	mean, not generous
(h) tight-lipped	insensitive to criticism
(i) two-faced	businesslike, unemotional
(j) starry-eyed	cowardly, nervous
(k) thick -skinned	over-romantic

16

Choose one of the four possibilities that best completes the sentence.

1. He must be terribly strong! Look at his ….. .

a) skin b) limbs c) muscles d) nerves

2. He stood with his hands on his ….. daring me to go past him.

a) ankles b) knees c) shoulders d) hips

3. Every tooth in my upper ….. seemed to be aching.

a) chin b) cheek c) jaw d) forehead

4. When Mary twisted her ankle, John carried her home on his ….. .

a) shoulders b) knees c) hands d) arms

5. His shoes were so old that his ….. were sticking out of them.

a) fingers b) thumbs c) tips d) toes

6. The blind man ran the ….. of his fingers over the box. a) points b) edges c) tips d) ends

7. When people sweat, the liquid comes out through the ….. of the skin. a) veins b) vents c) pores d) holes

8. The ….. is the main air passage of the body.

a) intestine b) ear c) windpipe d) kidney

9. The main function of the heart is to ….. blood round the body. a) push b) propel c) pump d) walk

10 Arnold Schwartzneger has an enormous chest ….. .

a) growth b) swelling c) expansion d) inflation

17

Complete the sentences.

1. We have ten ________ on our hands and ten ________ on our feet.

2. The function of the heart is to enable the_________ to circulate.

3. The _________ is used for digesting food.

4. The flesh your teeth grow from is your _________.

5. Do you wear your watch on your right __________ because you are left-handed?

6. A bear crushed him and cracked several of his __________.

7. With the help of our _________ we are able to speak and eat.

8. Our_________ enables us to think.

9. At first she thought the boy had a high temperature, but when she put her hand on his_________to make sure, she found it was cold.

10. I dropped a heavy box on my ________and broke one of my toes.

18

Complete the sentences with a part of the body used as a verb in the correct form.

1. In the final seconds of the match, Martin ______________the ball into the back of the net.

2. After his father’s death, Tom had to _______________ the responsibility for the family business.

3. When a couple gets married, it’s usually the bride’s family who ___________ the bill.

4. The boys stood on one side of the room, ____________up the girls on the other side.

5. You’ve got to ___________ facts, Jack. You’re in debt, and you have no income.

6. Old ladies are the worst people in queues. They just ___________ everyone else out of the way.

7. I ran out of petrol, so I had to ___________a lift to the nearest petrol station.

8. Maria, could you help me by ___________out these books to the other students?

9. My friend Pat loves _________ around other people’s houses, looking in cupboards and reading their letters.

10. When a mugger tried to attack Jane, she _________ him in the groin and left him collapsed on the ground.

HEALTH, ILLNESS, ACHES AND PAINS

19

Study the ‘case history’ below. Then write ten headlines for the President’s ten-day illness.

‘You’re in perfect health ... as fit as a fiddle ... there’s nothing wrong with you.’

‘I feel a bit off-colour ... rather under the weather ... I do feel funny ... I really don’t feel well... I think I’m sickening for something ... I feel feverish ... like death warmed up.’

‘He’s been taken ill... he’s in a coma ... fighting for his life ... still critically ill... in a very critical condition ... no change ... still seriously ill... still hasn’t regained consciousness ... is responding to treatment... off the danger list... showing signs of coming round ... making progress ... his condition is satisfactory ... he’s come out of the coma ... he’s as well as can be expected ... comfortable ... no change ... he’s turned the comer ... he’s on the mend.’

‘We all wish you a speedy recovery ... get well soon ... we’re glad you’re over it.’

‘The worst is over ... he’s almost completely recovered ... he’s practically cured ... he’s convalescing ... coming along nicely ... he’ll be on his feet again soon ... he’ll be out and about again in a few days.’

‘He’s had a relapse ... he’s no better ... he’s getting worse ... his condition is deteriorating ... he’s getting weaker ... he’s slipping away ... fading fast... his life is hanging by a thread ... it’s just a matter of time ... he could go at any second!’

‘He’s made a miraculous recovery ... he’s as good as new ... as right as rain ... he’ll live till he’s a hundred.’

20

After all that, do you feel well enough to read on? Note the ways that illnesses can be spoken of and reported in the text below.