ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES
introduced by the relative pronouns who, which, that, but, as
by the conjunctions when, where, whither, whence, wherein, whereby
asyndetically, a relative pronoun being understood.
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES MAY MODIFY
The subject
John |
much disappointed, |
didn’t move. The object
I visited an arrogant Irish |
who |
thought] [S2 he was God’s gift to |
|
women]]. |
|
The complement: "The only place I could go to was Aberdeen.” (CVS)
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The only place I could go to was Aberdeen. S
NP
VP
N
V C
___ ___ ____Aberdeen was the only place
S
I could go
to
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DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Explain which person or thing you are talking about
Are introduced with ‘that’, ‘which’, ‘who’
Don’t have a comma in front of them
‘that’, ‘which’, ‘who’ can be omitted when they refer to the object of the main clause
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Give further information which is not needed to identify the person, thing, group you are talking about
Are used mainly in writing
Have a comma in front of the clause
‘that’ is never used to introduce the clause
DEFINING :: NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
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DEFINING :: NON-DEFINING CLAUSES
DEFINING RELATIVE
CLAUSES
We live in the city which stands on the Dnieper
The man [that] we saw yesterday lives next door
[S[S we [V saw [O the man]]]]
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
We live in Kyiv,
which stands on the Dnieper.
John Smith, whom we
saw yesterday, lives next door
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ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
TIME: when, after, as, as soon as, before, by the time (that), once, since, until / till, while
PLACE: where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere REASON, or CAUSE: because, as, seeing that, since
MANNER: as, like, (in) the way (that), (in) the same way, as if, as though
DEGREE, or COMPARISON: as…as PURPOSE: so that, in order to /that, in case
RESULT, or CONSEQUENCE: so that, such that
CONDITION: if, if not, unless
CONCESSION: though, although, while; indefinite relatives, adverbs, and adverbial conjunctions,-
whoever, whatever, however
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COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
A compound-complex sentence' or complex- compound sentence is a sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
Although I like to go dancing, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.
independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"
independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"
dependent clause: "Although I like to go dancing... "
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SUMMARY
Syntax studies rules of combining words, phrases into sentences and texts
Minor :: major syntax
The term ‘sentence’ is very uneasy to define
Sentences can be simple, compound, complex, complex-compound
Sentences can be connected (a)syndetically
The marked sentence within the complex one is the dependent clause
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PRAGMATIC SYNTAX
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PRAGMATICS
Pragmatics is concerned with bridging the explanatory gap between sentence meaning and speaker's meaning.
Pragmatics is all about use:
to describe pragmatics, one must describe semantics, and to describe semantics one must describe syntax:
syntax semantics pragmatics
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