Lecture 3
M O R PH O LO G Y
ENGLISH PARTS OF SPEECH
THE NOUN
THE PRONOUN
THE ARTICLE
THE ADJECTIVE
THE ADVERB
THE NUMERAL
THE VERB
THE PREPOSITION
THE CONJUNCTION
THE PRO NO UN is a partofspeech w hich points outobjects and theirqualities w ithout nam ing them
Semantic classification: |
|
Personal |
Negative |
Possessive |
Conjunctive |
Demonstrative |
Defining |
Interrogative |
Reflexive |
Reciprocal |
Indefinite |
Relative |
|
Functions ofthe pronouns
Deictic (anaphoric) ‘deixis’ – pointing without naming: this, now, there, him, you, etc.
Anaphoric (the function of connecting with the preceding sentence / clause): relative, conjunctive pronouns
Syntactic function: Subject,
Gram m aticalcategories ofthe pronouns
Gender masculine, feminine, neuter (personal, possessive)
Case: nominative, objective (personal, interrogative and relative WHO ), common, genitive (indefinite, reciprocal, negative)
Number sg., pl. (demonstrative and the defining OTHER)
THE ARTICLE
Categorialm eaning – the degree of abstractedness
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
(the strong member of the opposition )
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
(the weak member of the opposition)
Expresses the |
Expresses |
identification or |
classification of the |
individualization of |
referent of the |
the referent of the |
noun |
noun |
|
The ADJECTIVE
Categorialm eaning – property ofa substance (qualitative /relative)
Word-building affixes: -ful, -less, -ish, - ous, -ive, -te, -ic, in-, ir-, im-.
Grammatical category of degrees of comparison (gradual ternary opposition)
Elative superlative
The Adjective
Qualitative
Relative
Stative
Statives
Adlinks (B.S. Khaimovich, B.I. Rogovskaya)
A-adjectives
The category of state words (B.A.Ilyish)
A-adjectives are the separate part of speech – ‘the category of state words’
B.A. Ilyish
B.S.
Khaimovich,
B. I. Rogovskaya:
Adlinks (adverbs combine with notional verbs, adlinks – with link verbs)
LS. Barkhudarov:
The state is the property of a substance
A-adjectives are not excluded from category of intensity and degrees of comparison